ELECTRICITY

ELECTRICI
TY Phenomenon associated with the presence and flow of
electric charge

ELECTRIC CURRENT –
 flow of electric charge through a conductor
 Measure of the number of electrical charges passing through a conductor at
a given time
 Direction of Conventional Current:
from positive terminal to negative terminal
I – Symbol
A or Amp (Ampere) – Unit
Ammeter – measures electric current
* Andre Marie Ampere – French Physicist who made important contributions to
theory of electricity & magnetism
VOLTAGE
 Energy causing charges to move in a circuit
 Equal to the work done per unit charge against a static electric field
to move the charge between two points
 “driving force behind current”

V – symbol
Volts – unit
Voltmeter – measures voltage
*named after Alessandro Volta

Relationship of Voltage to Current:

voltage increases – current increases
 RESISTANC
E
 hindrances to the movement of electric current
 Symbol – R

Unit – ohms Ω
*named after George Simon Ohm

Relationship of Resistance to Current

 Resistance increases – current decreases
 The Loop

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Electric circuit 6

Arrangement of sources of energy, connecting wires and loads

For electricity to flow in a circuit it must be able

to flow from one terminal of the cell or battery to
the other terminal.
COMPONENTS OF AN ELECTRIC 7

CIRCUIT

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/383861568219733625/
 9

How many pathways?

Circuit A
Series Circuit
 electric current passes through a single path
 When a gap is created in the electric path, flow of charges
stops, no current will pass through to the other bulbs
 Resistance increases with increasing loads
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
 current has two or more paths
Current from the source can branch out to other bulbs
Loads increases, resistance decreases
 12

How many pathways?

Circuit B
Open and closed circuits
•It is necessary to be able to turn on and off electrical circuits.
•Electric current can only flow if there is a complete and
unbroken path. This is called a closed circuit.
•If a switch is opened or disconnecting a wire will cause the
current to stop flowing this is called an open circuit
•Switches are used to turn electricity on and off
•Flipping the switch to off will cause an open circuit by making
a break in the wire
 Safety in Using Electricity

1. Provide plug covers in all your outlets

2. Replace wiring that shows signs of wear and tear
3. Avoid overloading an outlet or an extension cord
4. Check the power source before working with wires or
electrical connections
5. Do not tamper with the electrical meter to avoid electric
shock, explosion or fire
6. Always check the problem that caused a fuse or circuit
breaker to blow before replacing it
7. Teach children never to put fingers or objects into an
electrical outlet, toaster, or any other appliance
8. The size of a fuse or breaker in a circuit should be enough to
support the current supplied to connections
9. Never touch an energized bare wire or faulty appliance while
you are grounded, the electricity will instantly pass through you
to the ground, causing a harmful or fatal attack
 Electrical Circuit Overload
 circuit carries more current than it is designed to
handle, thus creates overheating that may cause fire
 This often occurs when too many appliances are
connected to a circuit at one time

Short Circuit
 happens when the exposed parts of the electrical
wires touch one another
COMPUTING TOTAL CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND VOLTAGE
V = IR I = V/R R = V/I
SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
Compute for the total current Compute for the total current
Given:
•Voltage = 12V
Given:
•R1 = 10 Ohms •Voltage = 12V I =V/R
•R1 = 10 Ohms
•R2 = 20 Ohms
•R3 = 10 Ohms •R2 = 20 Ohms
= 12V/.8 Ohms
•R4 = 1 Ohms •R3 = 10 Ohms = 1.5 A
Rt = R1+R2+R3+R4 •R4 = 1 Ohms
Rt = 10 Ohm + 20 Ohm + 10 Ohm +1Ohm 1/ Rt = 1/R1+1/R2+ 1/R3+1/R4
= 31 Ohm 1/Rt =I/10 Ohm + 1/20 Ohm + 1/10 Ohm + 1/1
I =V/R Ohm
= 12V/31 Ohms • 1/Rt = .1 + .05 + .1 + 1
= .39 A •1/Rt = 1.25
•Rt = 1/1.25 = .8 Ohms