Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with

hypoplasticity: constitutive description and

applications

Jose Duque(1), David Mašín(1), William Fuentes(2)

Seminar at Zhejiang University

(1)
Charles University, Czech Republic
(2)
University del Norte, Colombia

Jose Duque et al. Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity: 1
constitutive description and applications
 Outline

1) Hypoplastic models for sands

2) Intergranular Strain (IS)

3) Intergranular Strain Anisotropy (ISA)

4) Applications on boundary value problems

5) Anisotropic hypoplasticity for clays + ISA

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 Hypoplasticty

• Hypoplasticity is a type of constitutive models that describes the soil behavior with one
single equation

• Works well for medium and large strain amplitudes

Experimental results on Toyoura sand

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:
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constitutive description and applications
 Hypoplastic model for sands by Wolffesdorff (1996)
The hypoplastic model by Wolffesdorff [1] is probably the most common hypoplastic model
and is based on 8 parameters:

[1] Wolffesdorff (1996) A hypoplastic relation for granular materials with

a predefined limit state surface. Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional
Materials, 251-271
Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:
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constitutive description and applications
 Hypoplastic model for sands by Wolffesdorff (1996)
Works well for medium and large strain amplitudes

Undrained triaxial test

results on Karlsruhe sand

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 Hypoplastic model, stress-dilatancy ratio
Drained triaxial p=constant test on Toyoura sand

Experiments by Pradhan et al. 1989

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:
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constitutive description and applications
 Hypoplastic model for sands by Wolffesdorff (1996)
Some of the advantages of Hypoplasticity (without extension)

 Consideration of experimental based attractors

 Critical state

 Density and stress dependent formulation

 Correct simulation of dilatancy ratio under = constant test

 Among others

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 Hypoplastic model for sands by Wolffesdorff (1996)

Limitations:

 Under small strain amplitudes , it shows ratcheting and lacks of the cyclic mobility
effects

Experiment Simulation

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 Intergranular Strain (IS) by Niemunis and Herle (1997)

• New state variable “intergranular strain”

• Increase the stiffness for reversal loading
• Reduction of the plastic strain rate Red line: behaves
as by monotonic
Example: 1D strain cycles: loading

Inside the red

lines: behaves as
by cyclic loading

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 Intergranular Strain (IS) by Niemunis and Herle (1997)

• The Jacobian is now bilinear

Any hypoplastic model

(sands or clays)

The model interpolate between for (no mobilized) and for (fully mobilized), which simulates a
hypoplastic response.

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 Intergranular Strain (IS) by Niemunis and Herle (1997)

Simulation of an oedometric test

With Intergranular Strain Without Intergranular Strain

Niemunis and Herle, 1997

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:
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constitutive description and applications
 Intergranular Strain (IS) by Niemunis and Herle (1997)

Simulation of an undrained cyclic triaxial test

With Intergranular Strain Without Intergranular Strain

Niemunis and Herle, 1997

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:
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constitutive description and applications
 Intergranular Strain (IS) by Niemunis and Herle (1997)
The model requires 5 materials parameters in addition to the basic hypoplastic parameters:

• : defines the size of the elastic range in the strain space.

Masin, 2015
Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with
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hypoplasticity: constitutive description and applications
 Intergranular Strain (IS) by Niemunis and Herle (1997)
The model requires 5 materials parameters in addition to the basic hypoplastic parameters:

• and : control the rate of degradation of the stiffness with strain.

It can then be advised to treat as material independent constant, and control the stiffness
curve by and
Masin, 2015
Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with
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hypoplasticity: constitutive description and applications
 Intergranular Strain (IS) by Niemunis and Herle (1997)
The model requires 5 materials parameters in addition to the basic hypoplastic parameters:

• : controls the initial (very-small strain) shear modulus upon 180° strain path reversal and in
the initial loading. In the clay model is supplemented by and .

Masin, 2015
Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with
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hypoplasticity: constitutive description and applications
 Intergranular strain implementation for sands and clay
The models are freely available at soilmodels.com as User Materiales Subroutine (UMAT)
for the softwares Plaxis, Tochnog and Abaqus.

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 Intergranular Strain (IS) by Niemunis and Herle (1997)

However, the model leads to overshooting for small strain unloading-reloading amplitudes:

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 Intergranular Strain (IS) by Niemunis and Herle (1997)

Toyoura sand with

Ishihara, 1996
Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:
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constitutive description and applications
 Some conclusions

• Hypoplastic models: good predictive capability in monotonic loading.

• Intergranular strain: improve the cyclic loading simulations under constant strain
amplitude but may lead to overshooting under variable strain amplitudes

A new model that solve the shortcomings was needed!

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 ISA model: A constitutive model for soils with yield surface in the
intergranular strain space (2015)

• The new model is named “Integranular Strain Anisotropy (ISA)”.

• The model is formulated by means of plasticity but considering a yield function within
the intergranular strain space (to provide information of the recent strain history
“memory”).

• The evolution of the IS is elastoplastic but for medium and large strains amplitudes,
the model simulates a hypoplastic response.

• The model increase the stiffness upon reversal loading.

Fuentes et al, 2015

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:
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constitutive description and applications
 ISA hypoplasticity

Same mathematical structure

as previous models

Jacobian

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 Model formulation
Monotonic loading after reverse loading

˙ = 𝜺
𝐡 ˙ − 𝜆˙ 𝐍
𝐻

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 ISA hypoplasticity

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 ISA hypoplasticity

Hypoplasticity

ISA

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

Jose Duque et al. 24
constitutive description and applications
 Model evaluation: Monotonic loading

Monotonic undrained
triaxial tests on
Karlsruhe sand

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 Model evaluation: Stress cycles

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 Model evaluation: Stress cycles

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 Model evaluation: Pore pressure accumulation

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 Model evaluation: Strain cycles

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 Model evaluation: Overshooting

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 Model evaluation: Stress-Dilatancy ratio
Simulation of a p = const triaxial test under drained conditions

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 Applications: Simulation of an offshore monopile
Problem: offshore wind energy generator

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 Applications: Simulation of an offshore monopile
• Monopile, tower and soil

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 Applications: Simulation of an offshore monopile
• Wave force and wind force a) 1500
1000
500

Fwave [kN]
0
-500
-1000
-1500
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
time [s]

b) 2000

1500

Fwind [kN]
1000

500

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
time [s]

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 Applications: Simulation of an offshore monopile
Deformed mesh (x50)

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 Results in a Gauss point

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 Intergranular Strain Anisotropy (ISA) implementation for sands
The model is freely available at soilmodels.com as User Materiales Subroutine (UMAT) for
the softwares Tochnog and Abaqus.

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

Jose Duque et al. 37
constitutive description and applications
 Anisotropic hypoplasticity with ISA

A new model, by gathering concepts from the anisotropic hypoplasticity by Masin (2014)
and ISA is now proposed:

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 Anisotropic hypoplasticity with ISA
• Anisotropic factor:

(isotropic model) (anisotropic model)

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 Anisotropic hypoplasticity with ISA

Hypoplasticity
by Masin (2014)

ISA

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

Jose Duque et al. 40
constitutive description and applications
 Anisotropic hypoplasticity with ISA

Oedometric tests

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

Jose Duque et al. 41
constitutive description and applications
 Anisotropic hypoplasticity with ISA

Monotonic undrained triaxial

tests with variation of

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 AHP+ISA

Cyclic undrained
triaxial tests with
variation of

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 AHP+ISA

Cyclic undrained
triaxial tests with
variation of

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

Jose Duque et al. 44
constitutive description and applications
 Anisotropic hypoplasticity with ISA

Pore pressure accumulation on cyclic undrained triaxial tests with

variation of

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 Anisotropic hypoplasticity with ISA

Influence on the
bedding plane

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 Anisotropic hypoplasticity with ISA

Cyclic undrained
triaxial tests with
vertical bedding
plane

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

Jose Duque et al. 47
constitutive description and applications
 Anisotropic hypoplasticity with ISA

Pore pressure accumulation on cyclic undrained triaxial

tests with vertical bedding plane

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 Anisotropic hypoplasticity with ISA
2 𝛼 𝜇 𝐺h (1+𝜇)(− 𝛼𝜇 ( 2+ 𝛼 𝐸 − 2 𝜇)+ 4 𝜇)
𝐸 𝑢𝑟 = 2 2
2 𝛼 𝐸 𝛼 𝜇 ( 𝜇 −1 ) + 4 𝜇

Undrained Young modulus Eur degradation curve

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

Jose Duque et al. 49
constitutive description and applications
 Anisotropic hypoplasticity with ISA
Accumulation parameters calibration

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 Summary about the ISA models
• The new families of models under the Intergranular Strain Anisotropy (ISA) platform
are able to describe the main properties of soils under monotonic and cyclic loading.

• The HP+ISA model is able to describe the behavior under monotonic and cyclic loading
and describe some of the main limitations of hypoplastic models such as the number
of cycles to reach failure, cyclic mobility, accumulation under multidimensional
loading, among others.

• The AHP+ISA model shows that is able to capture with accuracy the behavior under
monotonic and cyclic loading. The model predict with accuracy the number of cycles
required to reach failure and the pore pressure accumulation under undrained cyclic
loading on samples with vertical and horizontal bedding planes.

• More investigation is currently performed for the development of models under the
ISA platform for high number of cycles (N>1000).

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 High Cycle Accumulation Model (HCAM)

Problems with “implicit” calculation for long number

of cycles:
a) Computational effort
b) Too much data Niemunis, T. Wichtmann, and Th. Triantafyllidis. A
c) Accuracy of the models high-cycle accumulation model for sand. Computers
and Geotechnics, 32(4):245-263, 2005.

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with

Jose Duque et al. 52
hypoplasticity: constitutive description and applications
 High Cycle Accumulation Model (HCAM)

Niemunis, T. Wichtmann, and Th. Triantafyllidis. A

high-cycle accumulation model for sand. Computers
and Geotechnics, 32(4):245-263, 2005.

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with

Jose Duque et al. 53
hypoplasticity: constitutive description and applications
 High Cycle Accumulation Model (HCAM)

Niemunis, T. Wichtmann, and Th. Triantafyllidis. A

high-cycle accumulation model for sand. Computers
and Geotechnics, 32(4):245-263, 2005.

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with

Jose Duque et al. 54
hypoplasticity: constitutive description and applications
 High Cycle Accumulation Model (HCAM): Amplitude definition

Niemunis, T. Wichtmann, and Th. Triantafyllidis. A

high-cycle accumulation model for sand. Computers
and Geotechnics, 32(4):245-263, 2005.

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with

Jose Duque et al. 55
hypoplasticity: constitutive description and applications
High Cycle Accumulation Model (HCAM): Direction of accumulation
The direction of the accumulation strain depends
only on the average stress ratio!

Niemunis, T. Wichtmann, and Th. Triantafyllidis. A

high-cycle accumulation model for sand. Computers
and Geotechnics, 32(4):245-263, 2005.
Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with
Jose Duque et al. 56
hypoplasticity: constitutive description and applications
High Cycle Accumulation Model (HCAM): Direction of accumulation

Mod. Cam Clay

Niemunis, T. Wichtmann, and Th. Triantafyllidis. A

high-cycle accumulation model for sand. Computers
and Geotechnics, 32(4):245-263, 2005.

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with

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hypoplasticity: constitutive description and applications
 High Cycle Accumulation Model (HCAM): Strain accumulation increases with
stress amplitudes

Niemunis, T. Wichtmann, and Th. Triantafyllidis. A

high-cycle accumulation model for sand. Computers
and Geotechnics, 32(4):245-263, 2005.

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with

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hypoplasticity: constitutive description and applications
High Cycle Accumulation Model (HCAM): Circulation and polarization

no influence on the change of circulation

Niemunis, T. Wichtmann, and Th. Triantafyllidis. A

high-cycle accumulation model for sand. Computers
and Geotechnics, 32(4):245-263, 2005.

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with

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hypoplasticity: constitutive description and applications
 High Cycle Accumulation Model (HCAM): Influence of void ratio and mean
pressure
High influence on the void ratio and mean pressure

Niemunis, T. Wichtmann, and Th. Triantafyllidis. A

high-cycle accumulation model for sand. Computers
and Geotechnics, 32(4):245-263, 2005.

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with

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hypoplasticity: constitutive description and applications
High Cycle Accumulation Model (HCAM): Influence of the stress ratio

Null influence on the loading frequency

Niemunis, T. Wichtmann, and Th. Triantafyllidis. A

high-cycle accumulation model for sand. Computers
and Geotechnics, 32(4):245-263, 2005.

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with

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hypoplasticity: constitutive description and applications
 High Cycle Accumulation Model (HCAM): Influence of number of cycles

Niemunis, T. Wichtmann, and Th. Triantafyllidis. A

high-cycle accumulation model for sand. Computers
and Geotechnics, 32(4):245-263, 2005.

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with

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hypoplasticity: constitutive description and applications
 High Cycle Accumulation Model (HCAM): Some simulation results

Wichtmann PhD Dissertation. 2005.

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with
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hypoplasticity: constitutive description and applications
 High Cycle Accumulation Model (HCAM): Correlations

Wichtmann. Habilitation. 2016.

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with
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hypoplasticity: constitutive description and applications
 Thanks!!

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
High Cycle Accumulation Model (HCAM): Required tests to perform calibration

Wichtmann PhD Dissertation. 2005.

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with
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hypoplasticity: constitutive description and applications
 ISA hypoplasticity
• Parameter defines the size of the elastic locus. Usually a value of is recommended.

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with

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hypoplasticity: constitutive description and applications
 ISA hypoplasticity
• Parameter defines the magnitude of the increase of the stiffness upon reversal
loading is calibrated with cyclic undrained triaxial tests.

• Parameter and these parameters define the limits of the parameter which controls
the degradation curve of the material.

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with

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hypoplasticity: constitutive description and applications
 ISA hypoplasticity
• Parameter and these parameters define the limits of the parameter which controls
the degradation curve of the material.

Schematic

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with

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hypoplasticity: constitutive description and applications
 ISA hypoplasticity
• Parameter and these parameters controls the accumulation rate for low and large
number of cycles, respectively. They can be adjusted with cyclic undrained triaxial
tests to measure the pore pressure accumulation.

• Parameter controls how fast the plastic accumulation rate reduces upon cycles. It can
be adjusted with cyclic undrained triaxial tests to measure the pore pressure
accumulation.

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with

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hypoplasticity: constitutive description and applications
 ISA hypoplasticity
• Parameter is calibrated to reproduce the cyclic mobility effect. It can be adjusted by
trial and error after calibrate .

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with

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hypoplasticity: constitutive description and applications
 High Cycle Accumulation Model (HCAM): Determination of the amplitude

Niemunis, T. Wichtmann, and Th. Triantafyllidis. A

high-cycle accumulation model for sand. Computers
and Geotechnics, 32(4):245-263, 2005.

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with

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hypoplasticity: constitutive description and applications
 New cyclic triaxial
New dynamic GDS 5HZ 5KN + bender elements + LVDTs triaxial system

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 New cyclic triaxial

New dynamic GDS 5HZ 5KN + bender elements + LVDTs triaxial system

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications
 Notation

(Witchmann, 2005)

A:B = Trace(A*transpose(B))

Implicit modelling of soil cyclic behavior with hypoplasticity:

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constitutive description and applications