Transient Analysis in Time Domain: Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CHAPTER I
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS IN TIME

DOMAIN
Ths. Nguyễn Thị Phương Thảo
30/07/2020 401062- Transient analysis in time domain 1

COURSE OBJECTIVES
 Remember the features of the transient circuits: RL,

RC, RLC
 Understand two methods: “classical method and

Laplace method” to analyze the transient circuits
 Apply analysis techniques to design the efficient

circuits, the electrical systems and calculate their
appropriate parameters.

CHAPTER CONTENTS
1.1. Transient analysis in time domain using the
classical method.
1.1.1.Concept:
Steady-state and appearance of the transient state
in electrical circuit
First order circuits and second order circuits
1.1.2.Transient analysis using classical method:
The forced response of circuits

The general solution for natural responses,
characteristic equation
CHAPTER CONTENTS
 Independent and dependent initial conditions.

 Transient analysis for the first order circuit
 Transient analysis for the second order circuit
1.2. Transient analysis using the Laplace

transform techniques:
 Laplace transform of some simple time functions
 Circuit analysis with the Laplace transform.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN U
AND I ON ELEMENTS R,L,C
1. Resistor:
The equation U relate to I showing through Ohm’s Law :
u = R.i
2. Inductor: di (t )
The voltage cross the inductor:
u (t )  L
dt
The change of current in an inductor brings about the induced
voltage of magnitude
1 t
The current flow through the inductor: i (t )   u (t )dt  i (t0 )
Lt
0
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN U
AND I ON ELEMENTS
3. Capacitor :
The current flow through capacitor, change of voltage
brings about inﬁnite current.
dq du (t )
i (t )  C
dt dt
Voltage
1 t
u (t )   i (t ) dt  u (t0 )
Ct
0

TRANSIENT ANALYSIS USING THE
CLASSICAL METHOD.

1.1.TRANSIENT ANALYSIS USING
THE CLASSICAL METHOD.
1.1.1.Concepts
Steady-state
Appearance of the transient state in electrical circuit
 The transient phenomenan will occur when there is any

switching, interrupting, short-circuiting as well as any
sudden changes in the structure of an electric circuit..
 These energy redistributions cannot take place

instantaneously but it remains during some period of
time of the transient-state.

1.1.TRANSIENT ANALYSIS USING
1.1.1.Concepts
First order circuits and second order circuits
 Any circuit with a single energy storage element,

is a circuit of order 1.
+ –
Example
R +
+ vc(t)
vs(t)
– C
–

1.1. TRANSIENT ANALYSIS USING
1.1.1.Concepts
First order circuits and second order circuits
 Any circuit with a single capacitor, a single inductor,

is a circuit of order 2
Example
R
vs(t) +
C
–
L

1.1 TRANSIENT ANALYSES USING
CLASSICAL METHOD
The general solution for forced response
Let consider the circuit R, L, C series

as the figure. Find i(t) through the circuit
when closing the switch k. Assume
that at t<0 the switch k has been opened

CLASSICAL METHOD
The general solution for forced response
Apply Kirchhoff’s voltage Law:
vR  vL  vC  vt
di 1
vL  L  Ri   idt v (t )
dt C
(1)

CLASSICAL METHOD
 The variable x(t) could be voltage or current.
 The total solution to any differential equation consists of two
parts:
x(t) = xf(t) + xn(t)
 Particular (forced) solution is xf(t)

Response particular to a given source
 Complementary (natural) solution is xn(t)
Response common to all sources, that is, due to the
“passive” circuit elements

1.1 TRANSIENT ANALYSIS USING
CLASSICAL METHOD
Initial conditions
 At t=0 magnetic energy and electrical energy don’t

change instantly. Therefore we have
 At t=0 voltage across capacitor and current flows inductor

don’t change

CLASSICAL METHOD
Steps to analyze the transient circuits
 Determine the independent initial conditions
 Find the forced response of circuit basing on steady –
state analysis method
 Determine the characteristic equation and evaluation of
its roots.
 Solve the differential equation to find the natural response
 The desired response is the sum of the natural response
and the forced response.
 Determine the integration constants.

1.1 TRANSIENT ANALYSES
USING CLASSICAL METHOD
Transient analysis for the first order circuit
 RL circuits
K R
At t= 0 close K, find i(t)? Assume
that at t<0, k has been opened a
E i(t) L long time ago
Solution
+When the switch K is opened i=0
E
+ After closing switch K i 
R
CLASSICAL METHOD
 At the time close K
E  uR  uL
di
 Substituting u R = iR ;uL = L
dt
di Differential equation
iR  L  E
dt
To determine responses i(t) we need to solve the above

differential equation
1.1 TRANSIENT ANALYSES
USING CLASSICAL METHOD
i(t) : consists of two parts
i(t) = if + in
If: (Depend on the sources of the circuit) The current of

circuit after switching k a long time
In: (Depend on the circuit parameters, and there isn’t

effect of power) is the root of the first order differential
equation. di (t )
i (t ) R  L 0 (1)
dt
CLASSICAL METHOD
The root of the first order differential equation: in  Ke pt
 din d ( Ke pt ) pt
   Kpe
 dt dt
 pt
(2)
 i dt  Ke pt dt  Ke
  n  p
pt pt
RKe  LpKe  0
 Ke pt ( R  pL )  0
Characteristic equation  ( R  pL )  0
CLASSICAL METHOD
Find K? Apply the initial conditions to find K
At the time t=0 close K. We have i = 0
R
 p
L E R
 t
 i (t )  i f  in   Ke L
R
Find K:
E E
K 0 K 
R R
E E  RL t E R
 t
i (t )  i f  in   e  (1  e L )
R R R
CLASSICAL METHOD
uc(t)
L E/R
Assume:  
R
Denote: time constant of circuit
Response i(t) 0 t
t  0, i (t )  0 t
E 
E  i (t )  (1  e ) 
t   , i (t )  R
R

CLASSICAL METHOD
 RC Circuits
K R
At t= 0, close K. Find uc(t)
E Uc(t) C
+Before closing K: Uc(t)= 0

+After closing K u  E

CLASSICAL METHOD
 Close k
u R  iR
E  u R  uc Substituting
duc
ic  C
dt
duc Differential equation

RC  uc  E
dt
To find response uc(t) we need to solve the differential equation

above.
CLASSICAL METHOD
i(t) consist of 2 components:
uc(t) = ucf + ucn
du (t )C
u (t )C  RC 0 (3)
dt

CLASSICAL METHOD
The roots of the first order differential equation : ucn  Ke pt
 ducn d ( Ke pt ) pt
   Kpe
 dt dt
 pt
(4)
 u dt  Ke pt dt  Ke
  cn  p
Ke pt  RCpKe pt  0
 Ke pt (1  pRC )  0
Differential equation  (1  pRC )  0

CLASSICAL METHOD
Find K? Applying the initial conditions. At t=0 close K, uc = 0
1
 p
RC 
1
t
u (t )  u f  un  E  Ke RC
Tìm k
E  K  0  K  E
R R
 t  t
u (t )  u f  un  E  Ee L
 E (1  e L
)

CLASSICAL METHOD
uc(t)
E
Assume   RC

This value of time is called the time constant0 t

Response UC(t)
t
t  0, u (t )  0 
 uc (t )  E (1  e ) 
t  , u (t )  E

CLASSICAL METHOD
Transient analysis for the second order circuit
 RLC Circuits K R L
At t= 0 close K. Let determine voltage C

E
across the capacitor
We have:
duC (t ) d 2uC (t )
Apply K2: E  RC  LC  uc (t ) (5)
dt dt
Then: uc (t )  ucf (t )  ucn (t )

CLASSICAL METHOD
Ke pt ( LCp 2  RCp  1)  0
 ( LCp 2  RCp  1)  0
2 R 1
p  p 0
L LC
R
Assumes:  Coefficient
2L
R
 Resonance frenquency
2L
We have the characteristic equation:

CLASSICAL METHOD
After resolving the above equation, if the characteristic
equation have 2 roots then we obtain the natural response
Uc(t) as following
p1t p2 t
un (t )  k1e  k2e

EXERCISES
 Do examples 7.1-7.4; 8.1- 8.6
 Suggestion: Drill assessment Problems 7.1 – 7.5; 8.1-

8.6
Lect12
ASSIGNMENT
Assess your understanding of this material by doing homework

7.6 – 7.10
Students read the next lesson in the text books in advance to
more understand the next lesson.
Read the next slide of this chapter of this subject.

CIRCUIT ANALYSIS USING LAPLACE
TRANSFORM
30/07/2020
401062- Transient analysis in time domain 33
 This chapter will apply the Laplace transform to analyze the
transient circuit
 The equivalent models for the resistor, capacitor, and
inductor will be introduced.
 Setting up proper initial conditions will be covered.
 Transfer functions and state variables are also discussed.
 Finally circuit stability and network synthesis will be covered.
30/07/2020
1.1 Laplace transform
Laplace transform of some simple functions
Inverse laplace transform
1.2 Transient analysis using Laplace transform

Transform all elements of the circuit into s domain
Apply some circuit analysis methods to find the
necessary variables.
30/07/2020
We will now look at how to apply Laplace
transforms to circuit.
Transform the circuit from time domain to the s-domain.
Solve the circuit using nodal analysis, mesh analysis, source
transformation, superposition, or any circuit analysis technique
with which we are familiar.
Take the inverse transform of the solution and thus obtain the
solution in the time domain.
30/07/2020
1.2 LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Definition
The Laplace transform of a function is given by the expression

L(f (t))=  f (t)e-st dt
0
Where : the symbol is read “the Laplace transform of ” f(t).

The Laplace transform of is also denoted F(s)
30/07/2020
Table 3.1 Laplace Transforms for Various Time-Domain

Functions
f(t) F(s)
1 (Step) 1/s
t (Ramp) 1/s2
tn (n!)/s(n+1)
(exponential) e-at 1/(s+a)
(damped ramp) tne-at (n!)/(s+a)(n+1)
sinat a/(s2+a2)
(damped sine) e-t . Sinat a/((s+)2+a2)
cosat s/(s2+a2)
(damped cosine) e-t .cosat S+/((s+)2+a2)
30/07/2020
Inverse laplace transform
For example,
The denominator has four roots. Two of these roots are distinct—
namely at s =-3. s = 0, and A multiple root of multiplicity 2 occurs
at s =-1
30/07/2020
Inverse laplace transform
The key to the partial fraction technique for finding inverse

transforms lies in recognizing the corresponding to each term
in the sum of par-tial fractions. From Table 12.1 you should be
able to verify that f(t)
30/07/2020
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
 Find the initial conditions of the circuit in the negative steady-

state
 Transform Laplace of the sources of excitation and all the

elements in the circuit in the positive steady state
 Find the output U(S), I(S) in the Laplace freq domain using
the circuit analysis methods in steady – state
 Obtain the time response u(t), i(t) by taking the inverse

Laplace.
30/07/2020
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Transforming laplace of circuit elements in the s
domain
Sources in the s Domain.
i(t) I(s)
+
v (t) _ V (s )
+
_

LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Transforming laplace of circuit elements in the s domain
A resistor in the s domain & ohm’s law

i(t) + v(t)-
In the time domain:
R
v(t)= i(t)R
I (s) + V (s)-
In the s-domain: R
V (s)= I (s)R
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
domain
In the time domain: Inductor’s voltage:

LAPLACE TRANSFORM
domain
In the time domain:
di
vL (t )  L
dt
In the s-domain:

VL ( s )  sLI L ( s )  LiL (0 )

LAPLACE TRANSFORM
domain
Capacitor
In the time domain: In the s-domain:

LAPLACE TRANSFORM
domain
In the time domain:
dv
ic (t )  C
dt
In the s-domain:

Vc (s)  1
sC 
I c (s)  1  s v (0 ) c


LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Example
Find v0(t) if the initial voltage is given u(0-)=5 V

63
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
s-Domain Circuit

LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Apply nodal analysis method
V0  10 / s  1 V0 V0
   2  0.5
10 10 10 / s
V0 1 V0 sV0
     2.5
10 s  1 10 10
1 1
 Vo ( s  2)   2.5
10 s 1

LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Apply nodal analysis method

10
Vo ( s  2)   25
s 1
25s  35
V0 
( s  1)( s  2)
Rewrite V0(s) using PFE:

Solved for K1 and K2:


25s  35 K1 K2
Vo   
( s  1)( s  2) s  1 s  2
K1  10; K 2  15
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Obtain v0(s) and v0(t)

 Calculate V 0(s):
 Obtain V 0(t) using look up table:
10 15
Vo ( s )  
s 1 s  2
vo (t )  (10e  t  15e 2t )u (t )

SUMMARY
 Inductors and capacitors are passive elements; they can store

and release energy, but they cannot generate or dissipate
energy
 The natural response is the currents and voltages that exist

when stored energy is released to a circuit that contains no
independent sources.

SUMMARY

energy


SUMMARY

energy


SUMMARY
 The step response is the currents and voltages that result from
abrupt changes in dc sources connected to a circuit. Stored
energy may or may not be present at the time the abrupt
changes take place.
 The solution for either the natural or step response of both RL

and RC circuits involves finding the initial and final value of the
current or voltage of interest and the time constant of the
circuit.

ASSIGNMENT
To assess your understanding of this material, students should

drill homework 12.27 – 12.31, 13.3-13.8
To make sure more understand the next lesson, students need
to read the contents of the next lesson in the text book in
advance
Read the slide chapter 2 of this subject.

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TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

TRANSIENT ANALYSIS IN TIME

Ths. Nguyễn Thị Phương Thảo

30/07/2020 401062- Transient analysis in time domain 1

 Remember the features of the transient circuits: RL,

 Understand two methods: “classical method and

 Apply analysis techniques to design the efficient

30/07/2020 401062- Transient analysis in time domain 2

1.1.2.Transient analysis using classical method:

The forced response of circuits

 Independent and dependent initial conditions.

1.2. Transient analysis using the Laplace

30/07/2020 401062- Transient analysis in time domain 4

30/07/2020 401062- Transient analysis in time domain 6

30/07/2020 401062- Transient analysis in time domain 7

Appearance of the transient state in electrical circuit

 The transient phenomenan will occur when there is any

 These energy redistributions cannot take place

30/07/2020 401062- Transient analysis in time domain 8

 Any circuit with a single energy storage element,

30/07/2020 401062- Transient analysis in time domain 9

 Any circuit with a single capacitor, a single inductor,

30/07/2020 401062- Transient analysis in time domain 10

Let consider the circuit R, L, C series

30/07/2020 401062- Transient analysis in time domain 11

30/07/2020 401062- Transient analysis in time domain 12

 Particular (forced) solution is xf(t)

30/07/2020 401062- Transient analysis in time domain 13

 At t=0 magnetic energy and electrical energy don’t

 At t=0 voltage across capacitor and current flows inductor

30/07/2020 401062- Transient analysis in time domain 14

30/07/2020 401062- Transient analysis in time domain 15

To determine responses i(t) we need to solve the above

If: (Depend on the sources of the circuit) The current of

In: (Depend on the circuit parameters, and there isn’t

30/07/2020 401062- Transient analysis in time domain 21

+Before closing K: Uc(t)= 0

30/07/2020 401062- Transient analysis in time domain 22

duc Differential equation

To find response uc(t) we need to solve the differential equation

uc(t) = ucf + ucn

30/07/2020 401062- Transient analysis in time domain 24

Differential equation  (1  pRC )  0

30/07/2020 401062- Transient analysis in time domain 26

This value of time is called the time constant0 t

30/07/2020 401062- Transient analysis in time domain 27

At t= 0 close K. Let determine voltage C

Then: uc (t )  ucf (t )  ucn (t )

30/07/2020 401062- Transient analysis in time domain 28

30/07/2020 401062- Transient analysis in time domain 29

30/07/2020 401062- Transient analysis in time domain 30

 Do examples 7.1-7.4; 8.1- 8.6

 Suggestion: Drill assessment Problems 7.1 – 7.5; 8.1-

Assess your understanding of this material by doing homework

30/07/2020 401062- Transient analysis in time domain 32

1.2 Transient analysis using Laplace transform

The Laplace transform of a function is given by the expression

Where : the symbol is read “the Laplace transform of ” f(t).

Table 3.1 Laplace Transforms for Various Time-Domain

(exponential) e-at 1/(s+a)

(damped ramp) tne-at (n!)/(s+a)(n+1)