INTELLECTUAL

REVOLUTION
THAT DEFINED
SOCIETY
MIDDLE EAST AGE
 MIDDLE EAST CIVILIZATION
The Middle East is an area of the world
that includes many countries, such as
Turkey, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Iraq.
Throughout its history, people have either
invented or contributed to the development
of important technologies that have
impacted the fields of astronomy, medicine,
and much more.
 MIDDLE EAST CIVILIZATION
• The Middle East is known as the
home of the “Cradle of
Civilization”. Many of the world’s
oldest cultures and civilizations
were seen.
• The history started from the
earliest human settlements
continuing through pre- and post-
Islamic empires.
 MIDDLE EAST CIVILIZATION
• Dominantly occupied by Muslims; Golden Age
of Islam (8th to 13th century)
• The common language of Arabic, access to
Greek texts from the Byzantine Empire, and their
proximity to India were contributory to
intellectualization of the Muslims and provided
their scholars knowledge to create innovations
and develop new ideas.
 MIDDLE EAST CIVILIZATION
• Muslim Scientists placed more
value on Science Experiments rather
than plain thought experiments which
led to the development of the
Scientific Method, an empirical
orientation (in contrast to Greeks).
 MIDDLE EAST
CIVILIZATION
DEVELOPED THE FOLLOWING:

• First writing system in the world. This form of

writing is called the “cuneiform”.
• Potter’s wheel, vehicular and mill wheel
• First generalized governments and law codes
• Medicine
 MIDDLE EAST
CIVILIZATION
DEVELOPED THE FOLLOWING:

• Foundation of astronomy and mathematics

• Arabic Numerical System was refined by Muslim
mathematicians such as introduction of decimal
point notation.
•Foundation of Modern Chemistry played by Muslim
alchemists
WHO ARE THE KEY FIGURES
WHO CONTRIBUTED TO THE
PARADIGM SHIFT IN SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY OF THE
MIDDLE EAST?
Ibn al-Haytham
• Ibn al-Haytham was the first person to
test hypotheses with verifiable
experiments, developing the scientific
method.
• He was also nicknamed Ptolemaeus
Secundus (“Ptolemy the Second”
• He is regarded as the “father of Modern
Optics”
Muhammad ibn Musa
al-Khwarizmi
• Born around 800 CE. He lived in
Baghdad when he worked at the “House
of Wisdom”.
• Gave his name to concept the algorithm
while the term “algebra” is derived from
al-jabr, the beginning of the title of his
publications. What is now known as the
Arabic Numerical System.
Jabir ibn Hayyan
• He is considered to be the “Father of
Arabic Chemistry”.
• He was credited for the discovery of
nineteen different substances which we
call the element in modern chemistry.
• He was the first person to introduce
the experimental method in chemistry.
Ibn Sina
• Pioneered the science of experimental
medicine and was the first physician to
conduct clinical trials.
• His most notable works of medicine,
the Book of Healing and the Canon of
Medicine, were used as standard
medicinal texts in both Muslim world
and in Europe during the 17th century.
Ibn Bassal
• He is the first who made
improvement to the Noria that was
inspired from the Principles of
Romans.
• He is the one who pioneered the use
of “flywheel” in the Noria and
Saqiyah.
Ismail Al-Jazari
• He introduced the use of crankshaft
in the Noria and Saqiyah, and the
concept of minimizing intermittency
was implied for the purpose of
maximizing their efficiency.
THE ISLAMIC
GOLDEN AGE
8th to 13th CENTURY
WHAT IS THE ISLAMIC GOLDEN AGE?

• It refers to a period in the history of Islam, traditionally

dated from the 8th century to the 13th century, during which
much of the historically Islamic world was ruled by various
science, economic development, and cultural works
flourished. 
 ISLAMIC GOLDEN AGE

• The Islamic Golden Age started with the rise of Islam and
establishment of the first Islamic state in 622.
• Scientists advanced the fields of algebra, calculus,
chemistry, biology, medicine and astronomy.
Over a 600 hundred year period starting in the 8th Century AD, the Islamic
Golden Age gave birth to some inventions.

Some of these inventions include:

1. Noria (watermill) or Saqiyah

- The Arab applied the Romans principles and
improved the watermill that they call the Noria or
Saqiyah. The word “Noria” comes from the Arabic
term, Na-urah, meaning “water wheel” in Syria,
and literally means “the wailer”.
• The first reference to a water wheel dates back to around 4000
BCE.
• Vitriuvus, an engineer, died in 14 C.E., has been credited with the
creating and using water wheel during roman times.
• The wheels were used for crop irrigation and grinding grains, as
well to supply drinking water to villages
• The Arab Scientists improved the water wheel into a “watermill”,
in years later they drove powered textile mills.
2. Algebra
- The word algebra comes from the title of the
9th Century Arabic thesis, The Book of
Reasoning and Balancing by Al-Khwarizmi.
He introduced the beginnings of the algebra. In
fact, it was a revolutionary move away from
the Greek concept of mathematics.
3. Pinhole Camera
- Al-Haytham invented the first pin-hole
camera after noticing the way the light
came through a hole in window shutters.
Then he worked out that the smaller the
hole, the better the picture, and set up
the first Camera Obscura.
 LESSON SPOTLIGHT
The Middle East intellectual revolution has restructured
mathematics, astronomy, medicinal science, engineering and
society. Up to date, their sophistication to the field is very evident.
Paired with their rich culture and religion, it transformed the way
we view science, technology and society.
GROUP 6
ESTRADA, XCYRON I.
FABIA, PATRICIA R.
GADON, JEFFREY C.