Chap 10.1 - 10.3

Textbook 2A pgs 35 - 49
Chapter 10
Transfer of Heat Energy and

its Effects
 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
Learning Outcomes
10.1 What does a change in temperature
indicate?
• State that the SI unit of temperature is

Kelvin (K)
10.1 What does a change in temperature indicate?
Lesson trigger
• We use a clinical thermometer to measure our body

temperature.
• An increase in the mercury level of the thermometer
indicates an increase in our body’s heat production.

10.1 What does a change in temperature indicate?
TB 2A Page 36
• The degree of hotness or coldness of an object is

measured by the object’s temperature.
• A common unit for temperature is the degree Celsius (oC)
or Fahrenheit (oF).
• The SI unit for temperature is the Kelvin (K).
The Kelvin temperature scale was named after the

British physicist Lord Kelvin.
Conversions:
Kelvin to Celsius: °C = K – 273
Fahrenheit to Celsius: ° C = 5/9 (° F - 32)
Did you know??

TB 2A Page 36
Measuring temperature
How can temperature be measured?
• Apart from using our senses, temperature can be measured more
accurately using scientific instruments.
• We can use a thermometer to measure changes in temperature
resulting from a transfer of heat energy.
Infrared digital thermometer
Laboratory thermometer
7.3 How does the particulate nature of matter help us to
explain the behavior of particles upon heating and cooling?
What occurs to matter during expansion and contraction?
• When matter gains or loses heat, the particles

will change in their movement and arrangement.
• Gaining heat results in expansion while losing
heat results in contraction.

7.3 How does the particulate nature of matter help us to
explain the behavior of particles upon heating and cooling?
What occurs to matter during expansion and contraction?
7.3 Models of ExpansionThe
andparticles
Contraction
move slightly
When matter is heated,
its particles gain further apart from one
energy and vibrate another, causing the volume of
more vigorously about matter to increase. This
their fixed position. process is called expansion.
Gain in energy
Loss in energy
The particles move closer

When matter is cooled,
to one another. This causes
the particles lose energy
the volume of matter to
and vibrate less
decrease. This process is
vigorously.
called contraction.

Try it out!
10.1.1 Spot the Error

Activity Book 2A: Pg 39
Learning Outcomes
10.2 What effects does the transfer of heat
energy have on an object?
• Describe some effects and applications of

expansion and contraction in everyday life
• Infer that generally, solids, liquids and gases
expand when heat energy is absorbed and contract
when heat energy is given out
• Infer that thermal expansion results in a change in
volume, and therefore the density of the substance
Effects of expansion and
contraction in our daily life
can be both useful and a
nuisance.
In what ways do you think

that this can be a hindrance
or nuisance?
TB 2A Pg 38
10.2 Applications of Expansion and Contraction
Expansion and contraction in solids
MRT and railway tracks
Metal railway tracks gains heat and expand in hot weather. The track can bend
and twist as it is made in one continuous metal piece.
How to overcome?
Hence, expansion gaps in the tracks provide space for the tracks to expand
without any damage on hot days.
expansion gaps
warping due to expansion

TB B Pg 38
Bridges
Concrete bridges, such as the Benjamin

Sheares Bridge in Singapore, may
expand in hot weather and contracts
expansion
in cool weather.
gap
Hence, these bridges need to be

built with allowance for expansion.
expansion • Bridges have expansion gaps/

gap girder joints
• or resting on rollers.
This allows the metal structures to
expand without any damage on hot
days.

TB 2A Pg 39
Expansion and contraction in liquids

Why Oceans Hold Strong Evidence of Global Warming
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLlckg76fm8
TB 2A Pg 39
Expansion and contraction in liquids & gases
Water pipes
Metal water pipes and oil

pipelines can expand on hot
days, causing them to burst.
Hence, expansion bends are

made in these pipes. This allows
the pipes to expand without any
damage.
Before expansion After expansion

Useful applications of
expansion and contraction
in our daily life
TB 2A Pg 40
Expansion and contraction in solids
Opening a jar
We can make use of the effect of
heat to help us open tight-fitting
metal lids on jars.
The lid of the jar can be

immersed in warm water for a
few minutes, causing the metal
lid to expand more than the metal lid
glass jar.
This loosens the lid and allows us
to unscrew it easily.

TB 2A Pg 40
Bimetallic strips brass

It can be used in appliances that rely on
temperature regulation. A bimetallic strip
consists of two different metals that expand
at different rates when heated. For example, a
rivets iron
strip brass can be riveted to a strip of iron.
When heated
– behaviour of material after heating: expands
– material more affected by heating: brass
– material less affected by heating: iron
– direction bimetallic strip bends: brass outside of curve /
iron inside of curve
1. The brass expands more than the iron when

heated. Hence, the heated strip bends with
the brass on the outside of the curve. heated

Thermal Expansion Demo: Bimetallic Strip
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=82FPQ6z8vcE
TB 2A Pg 40
Bimetallic strips brass
It can be used in appliances that rely on
temperature regulation. A bimetallic strip
consists of two different metals that expand at
different rates when heated. For example, a strip
brass can be riveted to a strip of iron. rivets iron
When cooled
– behaviour of material after cooling: contracts
– material more affected by cooling: brass
– material less affected by cooling: iron
– direction bimetallic strip bends: brass inside of curve /
iron outside of curve
2. When cooled, the brass contracts more than
the iron. Hence, the strip bends with the
brass on the inside of the curve.
cooled

TB 2A Pg 41
Uses of bimetallic strips
1. Thermostat (in refrigerator)

Bimetallic strips are used in thermostats. A thermostat keeps the
temperature constant. Ovens and refrigerators are installed with
thermostats to keep the temperature high and low, respectively.
Cooling takes place when the

Heating takes place when the
current is on.
current is on. Brass expands
Brassthan
more contracts more than
iron. Hence, wheniron.
the temperature is too hot, the
Hence,
strip when
bends the to
away temperature
break the is
too cold, the strip bends away
contact and stop the current
to break the contact and stop
from flowing to the heating unit.
the current from flowing to the
cooling unit.
.

TB 2A Pg 41
2. Thermostat (in electric iron)

TB 2A Pg 41
3. Bimetallic strip in food
thermometer
bimetallic coil
A bimetallic strip can be made into a long, nearly
pointer
flat coil. One end of it is fixed and the other end
carries a pointer.
The coil tightens (contracts) as the temperature
goes down.
The coil unwinds (expands) as the temperature
goes up. The pointer then moves over a scale that
marks the different temperatures.
Bimetallic thermometer on a hot water pipe Bimetallic thermometer for cooking

10.2 Applications of Expansion and Contraction TB 2A Pg 42
10.2 Applications
Expansion of Expansion
and contraction in liquids and
Contraction
As we have seen, the liquid–in-glass thermometers responds quickly to heat.
The mercury or alcohol level changes when the liquid is heated or cooled.
When the temperature around the

bulb increases, the liquid in the
bulb heats up  expands  rises
up the narrow glass tube.
When the temperature around the

bulb decreases, the liquid in the bulb
cools  contracts  falls back into
the bulb.
10.2 Applications of Expansion and Contraction TB 2A Pg 42
10.2 Applications of Expansion and

Expansion and contraction in gases
Contraction
Hot air balloon
When air in a hot air balloon is

heated, the air expands and inflates
the balloon.
Since air inside the balloon is less

dense than the air outside the
balloon, the air rises and pushes the
balloon upwards.
Hotter and less dense air rises,

causing the hot air balloon to float. Why hot air is less dense?
When air is heated, its volume increases.

But mass of air remains constant, so
overall density of air decreases.
Try it out!
10.2 Rise and Fall (Teacher’s

Demo)
Activity Book 2A: Pg 41 - 44
Try it out!
10.2.2 Hot, Hot Lava

(Teacher’s Demo)
Learning Outcomes
10.3 How does the transfer of heat energy
occur?
• Explain the transfer of heat energy through

conduction, convection, and radiation
• Show an awareness of the various proposed
causes (man-made and natural) of climate change
(e.g., global warming)
TB 2A Pg 43
10.3 How does transfer of heat energy occur?
Lesson trigger
• In 1986, the space shuttle

Challenger disintegrated
seconds after take-off.
• The disaster was due to
cold weather that
prevented some parts of
the space shuttle from
working properly.

TB 2A Pg 43
• Heat flows from a region
of higher temperature to a
region of lower
temperature.
• For example, while stirring,
the spoon used to stir the
hot drink becomes warm.
• If the drink is left to stand on
the table for some time, the
drink eventually cools.

Cold Hot
 Transfer of heat only occurs when there is a

temperature difference.
 Net heat transfer is always from a region of
high temperature to a region of low
temperature.

Warm Warm
 When two bodies are in thermal equilibrium

(same temperature), there is no net flow of
heat between them.

TB 2A Pg 43
• The movement of heat
occurs through one or more
of the following processes:
• conduction;
• convection; and
• radiation.

TB 2A Pg 43
1. Conduction
metal rod
• To find out how heat travels,
we can heat one end of a
metal rod. flame
• After some time, the other end

will also heat up.
• Hence, we can deduce that
heat moves from one end of
the metal rod to the other. A metal rod heated at one end
• This movement of heat
through a medium, without it The close arrangement of
particles in solids enables the
moving, is called conduction.
transfer of heat energy to occur
more quickly.
.

TB 2A Pg 44
10.3 Conduction
• Conduction is the process of heat transfer through a

medium or material without any movement of the
medium or material.
• A material that conducts heat well is a good

conductor of heat.
• Some materials conduct heat better than others.
• Poor conductors of heat are called insulators.
Good conductors of heat Poor conductors of heat
• Metals • Non-metals eg. wood, paper,

Eg. aluminium, iron, steel, mercury glass, plastic
• Liquids
• Gases

10.3 Conduction TB 2A Pg 44
10.2 Applications of Expansion and

Feathers and fur traps air which is a poor conductor of heat.
Contraction
This enables some birds and mammals to stay warm.
For example, sea otters live in ocean waters that can be very cold. Their
thick fur helps to keep them warm by trapping air between the fur.
Other mammals such as whales, walruses and sea lions have thick layers
of fat under their skin. This helps to prevent heat loss through their skin.
TB 2A Pg 45
2. Convection
• Solids are better conductors of heat than liquids
and gases. Liquids and gases transfer heat
through the process of convection.
• Convection is the transfer of heat energy from one place

to another by the physical movement of fluids (liquids and
gases).
• Convection takes place due to the expansion of a fluid.

When it is hot, its volume increases and its density
decreases.
• The less dense fluid then rises while the denser fluid
flows in to take its place.

10.3 Convection
Convection
heated fluids cooled fluids
temperature become warmer becomes cooler
change in size expand contract
volume increase decrease
density decrease increase
movement rise sink

TB 2A Pg 45
10.3 Convection
Convection in liquids
• We can observe the convection currents in
water when rice is boiled in water.
water
rice
grains
2. As the water is heated, it expands

1. Rice grains are placedand becomes less dense. 3. The cooler water at the
This
in a pot of water. causes the rice grains to risesurface is denser and sinks
with the rice grains.
towards the surface of the water.

TB 2A Pg 45
10.3 Convection in liquids
• The continuous circular movement of the rice grains shows
convection in the water.
• The water near the bottom of the pot is heated, expands,
becomes less dense and rises to the top.
• The surrounding colder, denser water sinks to replace the
rising water to be heated again.
• The process of sinking and rising repeats, forming
convection currents.
• Heat energy is transferred throughout the beaker of water.
• After some time, heat energy is evenly distributed in the water.

TB 2A Pg 45
10.3 Applications of convection in liquids
Electric kettle
• Convection currents play an important part in
heating water quickly in an electric kettle.
1. The heating coil of an

electric kettle is placed
near the base of the kettle.
to power
2. This makes boiling more supply
efficient as water
becomes less dense and convection
rises when it is heated. currents
heating coil water
This allows convection
currents to be set up
easily during heating.

TB 2A Pg 46
10.3 Convection
Convection in gases
Experiment: Convection in gases
• The following experiment shows how convection currents can occur
in a gas.
1. Two glass lamp-shields sit on two hot air rises

holes at the top of a wooden box
with a glass sheet in front.
lamp-shields
2. A piece of smouldering rope or
paper is held near the other lamp-
shield.
3. A lighted candle is placed under

one of the lamp-shields. air currents drawn in
by escaping hot air
4. The convection currents can be
seen by following the direction of
smoke.
TB 2A Pg 46
10.3 Convection in gases
• In the past, coal mines were ventilated by vertical

shafts sunk into the mines.
• These were joined by horizontal passages.
• A fire is lit at the bottom of one shaft, causing hot, less
dense air to rise from the shaft and cold, denser air to
enter the other shafts.

TB 2A Pg 46
10.3 Convection in gases
Ventilation in old coal mines
fresh air hot air

TB 2A Pg 45-46
10.3 Applications of convection in gases
Household ventilation
• Understanding how convection works allows us to

apply this knowledge to cool a house.
• Because of its lower density than cool air, hot air rises
and collects under the ceiling.
• A cool room has features that let hot air out and cool
air in.
• For example, a high ceiling with air vents allows hot air
to rise and escape, while doors and windows allow
cool air to enter.

TB B Pg 157
10.3 Applications of convection in gases
• Modern homes use an air-conditioner to keep the room cool.
The air-conditioner cools the hot

air, which becomes denser and
The hot air in the room rises sinks to the bottom of the room.
to the ceiling.
More hot air rises and is cooled by the

air-conditioner. This cycle repeats
itself until the room is cooled.

TB 2A Pg 46
3. Radiation
• Radiation is a method of heat transfer that does not need
the presence of matter.
– This means that heat can radiate across empty space
or a vacuum.
• For example, heat from the sun radiates across millions
of kilometres of empty space to reach earth.
• Radiation is the transfer of heat, in the form of waves,

from a hotter body to a cooler body without the need
for a medium.
Not all objects radiate or absorb heat at the same rate.

This will be covered in topic 10.4.

TB 2A Pg 47
10.3 Radiation
• Heat energy that is transferred by radiation may be absorbed or
reflected.
• For eg. energy from the sun can pass through space and
atmosphere by radiation.
• This energy is then absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere
and Earth’s surface.
TB 2A Pg 47
10.3 Effects of Radiation
Greenhouse effect
• The greenhouse effect is the warming of the surface of the Earth.
This happens when heat is prevented from leaving Earth’s
atmosphere by radiation.
• Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, trap heat within the
atmosphere and keep Earth warm to support life.
• The increased amount of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s
atmosphere increases the Earth’s temperature  global warming.
Why Oceans Hold Strong Evidence of Global Warming
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLlckg76fm8
TB 2A Pg 48
Effects of global warming

(1)
Melting polar ice

caps Shrinking glaciers
Melting of large Water bodies of oceans

volumes of ice can expand due to increased
cause sea level to rise. absorption of heat energy.
Rising sea levels can lead to floods along coastal areas.

TB 2A Pg 49
Effects of global warming • When temperature of

(2) seawater increases due to
climate change,
microorganisms living in the
corals are driven out.
• Coral bleaching occurs when

corals force out the algae
that live in them. This causes
the corals to turn white and
eventually the corals starve
and die.
Coral bleaching
Coral reefs are important in the protection of coastlines and serve as

habitats for many organisms. It takes many years for them to form again.
Try it out!
10.3.1 Transfer of Heat

Energy in Daily Life
Try it out!
10.3.2 Greenhouse Gases


Chap 10.1 - 10.3

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Textbook 2A pgs 35 - 49

Transfer of Heat Energy and

• State that the SI unit of temperature is

• We use a clinical thermometer to measure our body

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

• The degree of hotness or coldness of an object is

The Kelvin temperature scale was named after the

Did you know??

Infrared digital thermometer

• When matter gains or loses heat, the particles

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

The particles move closer

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

10.1.1 Spot the Error

• Describe some effects and applications of

In what ways do you think

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

Concrete bridges, such as the Benjamin

Hence, these bridges need to be

expansion • Bridges have expansion gaps/

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

Metal water pipes and oil

Hence, expansion bends are

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

The lid of the jar can be

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

Bimetallic strips brass

1. The brass expands more than the iron when

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

1. Thermostat (in refrigerator)

Cooling takes place when the

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

2. Thermostat (in electric iron)

Bimetallic thermometer on a hot water pipe Bimetallic thermometer for cooking

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

When the temperature around the

When the temperature around the

10.2 Applications of Expansion and

When air in a hot air balloon is

Since air inside the balloon is less

Hotter and less dense air rises,

When air is heated, its volume increases.

10.2 Rise and Fall (Teacher’s

10.2.2 Hot, Hot Lava

• Explain the transfer of heat energy through

• In 1986, the space shuttle

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

 Transfer of heat only occurs when there is a

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

 When two bodies are in thermal equilibrium

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

• After some time, the other end

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

• Conduction is the process of heat transfer through a

• A material that conducts heat well is a good

Good conductors of heat Poor conductors of heat

• Metals • Non-metals eg. wood, paper,

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited