WELCOME

VEGETABLE PRODUCTION UNDER OPEN

AND PROTECTED ENVIRONMENT

SUBMITTED TO:
P.G DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

SUBMITTED BY: AKSHITA

ROLL NO: 18110012531
CONTENT
Introduction to Vegetable.
Introduction to protected cultivation
Classification of polyhouse
Factors affecting crop production
Site selection of polyhouse
Orientation of polyhouse
Selection of crops to grow under protected environment.
Hi-tech nursery production technology
Hardening of seedling
Role of mulch in protected cultivation
Nematode problems and their management
Staking and training of vegetable crops under protected cultivation
Drip irrigation and fertigation in polyhouse cultivation
Hydroponics and Aeroponics
Transplanting of high value crops(Tomato, Capsicum, Cucumber) under
protected condition.
INTRODUCTION TO VEGETABLE

Vegetable is a potherb.
Vegetable may be perennial, annual, biennial or seasonal.
Any part (leaf, root, stem, and flower) is edible.
As recommended a person requires daily 300g of vegetable in
diet.
They can be eaten either raw or in cooked form.
Father of vegetables: L.H Bailey
INTRODUCTION TO PROTECTED
CULTIVATION

It is a cropping technique wherein the microclimate

(environment) around the plant is controlled fully, partially
or modified to protect the crop from adverse weather.
It is based on greenhouse effect where sunlight gets trapped
in a polyhouse of shorter wavelength which causes rise in
the temperature.
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYHOUSE
1. Classification based on cost:

Low Cost Polyhouse Medium Cost Polyhouse High Cost Polyhouse

2. Classification based on shape:

Lean to Type Even-span Type Uneven-span Type

Ridge and furrow Type Saw tooth Type

FACTORS AFFECTING CROP
PRODUCTION
• Temperature: (Day= 25°-27°C)

(Night= 10°-13°C)
• Carbon dioxide: (1000 - 2000 ppm)
• Light: (32,000 LUX)
• Ventilation:
• Relative humidity: (50-70%)
SITE SELECTION OF POLYHOUSE
Site should not be near tall trees, buildings, or by leeward side of
hills.
Good supply of electricity.
The soil should have pH of 5.5-6.5
Availability of continuous source of quality water.
Facility of good road transport to near markets.
A ground slope for drainage to divert surface water way from the
green house.
Easy and cheap availability of labourers.
Communication facility should available at site.
ORIENTATION OF POLYHOUSE
The right orientation might help to create a pleasant environment
within the greenhouse. When choosing on the orientation of a
greenhouse based on light intensity, wind direction, and velocity,
the following factors should be taken into account:-

Rules for construction of polyhouse:-

 The door of the polyhouse should be towards east or west side.

 Direction of polyhouse should be parallel to wind in order to
avoid the damage from high wind velocity.
 If any tree is near the polyhouse and height of tree is more than
about 10m then polyhouse should be at least 20m away from the
tree to avoid shade.
SELECTION OF CROPS TO GROW UNDER
PROTECTED ENVIRONMENT
Polyhouse cultivation is capital intensive technology.
The selection of vegetable crop to be grown in it is
limited to few factor.
The selection of crop mainly depends upon :
Growth habit (Determinate or Indeterminate)
High value crop (per unit production high)
Having high demand
Disease & Pest Resistant
Hybrids
Early maturity
HI-TECH NURSERY PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY
Hi-tech nursery is a modern technology which is less
environment dependent, capital intensive and protect young
seedling from harsh weather, while allowing automated
control of temperature, ventilation, light, water etc.

Poly tunnel Poly bags Plug trays

HARDENING OF SEEDLING
 Hardening is the process of gradually exposing grown up seedlings to the
normal climatic condition from protected condition to reduce stress and
reduce transplanting shock when seedlings are transplanted to the main field.

This can be done by different ways:

 By slowing down their growth rate so that they can withstand chilling,
drying winds, shortage of water, or high temperatures.
 The easiest way to harden seedlings is to place them outside in a shaded,
protected spot on warm days, bringing them in at night. Each day
increase the amount of sunlight the seedlings receive.
ROLE OF MULCH IN PROTECTED
CULTIVATION
Mulch is a
product Mulch
used to
suppress
weeds and
conserve Inorganic Organic
Mulch Mulch
water in
field.

Transparent Coloured
TYPES OF PLASTIC MULCH
A. Green Plastic Film:
 Its effect on soil warming is stronger than Black film.
 Thickness: 0.01-0.015 mm.

B. Silver grey Film:

 Reflect U.V light, repel aphid and reduce the
Occurrence of disease transmitted by aphids.
 Light transmittance: 60%
 Thickness: 0.015-0.02 mm.

C. Black Plastic Mulch:

 Black mulch film cause rapid increase in temperature
and humidity, But less heat in the soil.
 Most of sunlight is absorb by film.
 Thickness: 0.01-0.03 mm.
 Light Transmittance: 1-3%
D. Transparent Plastic Mulch:
 Thickness: 0.005-0.015
 Thermal radiation 90%
 Used for weed control through solarisation
 Light transmittance: 90-100%

E. Yellow plastic mulch:

• Used for repelling the insects like whiteflies

F. Blue plastic mulch:

 Used to control temperature.
NEMATODE PROBLEMS AND THEIR
MANAGEMENT
Main causes for nematode infestation:
Contaminated soil or soil growing media.
Mono-cropping.
Infected plant material.
Contamination of equipments.

The problems caused by nematode are:

Wilting
Gall formation on roots.
Slow growth of plant.
Plants produce fewer and small leaves.

Management : Meloidogyne incognita

Sanitation
Exclusion
Using furadon 5-10 kg/acre
 Grow resistant varieties:
STAKING AND TRAINING OF VEGETABLE
CROPS UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVATION
Staking:
It refers to tying plant stem with jute or nylon thread
in order to provide it support while it grows.
Staking is important cultural operation used for
getting high quality yield.

Plastic ring Nylon thread

TRAINING AND PRUNING
DRIP IRRIGATION AND FERTIGATION IN
POLYHOUSE CULTIVATION
Drip Irrigation:
It is also known as Trickle irrigation.
Drip irrigation is a micro irrigation method which
optimizes the use of irrigation water by providing it
uniformly and directly to the roots of the plants.
Fertigation:
Fertigation is a process, in which fertilizer is dissolved,
diluted and distributed along with drip or sprinkler
irrigation system.
Components of Drip Irrigation and Fertigation:

Water Tank

Pumping Set

Filter
Emitter

Ventury Pump

Fertilizer Injection Pump

HYDROPONICS AND AEROPONICS
HYDROPONICS :
It is a type of horticulture and a subset of hydro culture which involves growing
plants (usually crops) without soil by using mineral nutrient solutions in an
aqueous solvent.
The term hydroponics is derived from Greek words ‘hydro’ means water and
‘ponics’ means labour, so means water work.
It is a method of growing plants in nutrient solutions with/without the use of
inert medium such as gravel, vermiculite, peat moss, coconut fibre etc to
provide mechanical support.
AEROPONICS :
It is the process of growing plants in an air or mist environment without the use
of soil or an aggregate medium (known as geoponics).
The word "Aeroponics" is derived from the Greek meanings of aer ("air") and
ponos ("labour").
In Aeroponics, growing medium is primarily air. The Aeroponics system is
probably the most high-tech type soilless agricultural system.
COMMONLY USED SYSTEMS

Wick system Drip system Ebb flow system

NFT
Deep water culture
PROTECTED CULTIVATION OF
CUCUMBER
 Scientific Name: Cucumis sativus
 Family: Cucurbitaceae
 Soil and Climate: Soil PH- 5.5-6.8
 Day temperature: 22-24°C
 Night temperature: 19-20°C
 Relative humidity: 85%
 Varieties: Kian, Kingstar, Multistar, Superstar
 Nursery: In pro-trays during December or January
 Seed rate: 3 seedling/m2 or 15 g/m2
 Training and pruning: Maintain one fruit at one node
 Fertigation and drip irrigation: Daily drip irrigation
 N:P:K 19:19:19
 Urea= 8.3 kg, SSP= 12.35 kg
 Harvesting: 35-40 days after transplanting
 Disease management: Indofil M 45
 Common disease : Downy mildew, Powdery mildew
PROTECTED CULTIVATION OF TOMATO
 Scientific Name: Solanum lycopersicum
 Family: Solanaceae
 Climate: Day- 20-28°C
 Night- 18-20°C
 Red pigment form: 15°-30°C
 No pigment form: Above 40°C
 Seed rate: 2,5g/250 m2
 Seed treatment: 3g captan/kg of seed
 Nursery raise: Portray (1 inch having 98 cells)
 20g seed for 1000m2
 Bed preparation: 90-100 cm wide
 15 cm height, 60 cm path
 Laying of drip lines: 20:2:30 (diameter : discharge rate in L/h :Spacing between
two drippers in cm)
 Transplanting: Ready in 28-30 days
 Spacing: 70x30 cm
 Gap filling: Seventh day after transplanting
 Training & pruning: 1) Single main stem is remained and all side shoots are
removed.
 2) After 20-25 days of transplanting earthing up is done
 3) Cluster thinning is also done.
 Irrigation and Fertigation:
 1) irrigation is provided daily to supply 2-3 l of water/m 2/day depending upon the
weather conditions.
 2) Supply water soluble fertilizers 19:19:19 @ 3.75 g/m 2 for every Fertigation twice
a week- started from 3rd week after transplanting.
 Disease management:
Early blight of tomato:
• Caused by Fungus Alternaria solani
• Managed by spray of Bordeaux mixture.
 Leaf curl virus:
• Caused by vector whitefly
• Controlled by Thiamethioxam 25%WG
 Yield: 6-8kg/m2,
 3-4 kg /plant
 Fruit weight: 80-90g.
PROTECTED CULTIVATION OF
CAPSICUM
 Scientific Name: Capsicum annum
 Family: Solanaceae
 Climate: Day temp.: 20-25°C
 Night temp.: 15-17°C
 Soil: PH- 5.5-6.8
 Nursery raising: 12g seed/250m2
 15000 seedlings/acre
 Seed treatment: Captan@3g/kg of seed
 Transplanting: 4 week old seedling
 Spacing: 45x30cm
 Irrigation: One Lateral per bed with drippers spacing at 30cm
 having discharge rate of 2L/hr.
 Fertilizer: 19:19:19
 Training and pruning: To maximize production improve air circulation
 Pinching: After 4-5 pairs of leaves
 Harvesting: Continues till 1st week of June
THANK YOU!