Capacitor and Dielectric

XerfranZ
What makes up a capacitor?
CAPACITOR
Simulation
CAPACITANCE
• Measure of the capacitor’s ability to store charge.
• The ratio of the magnitude of the charge on either conductor
to the potential difference between the conductors
• Capacitance is always a positive quantity
• The SI unit of capacitance is the farad (F).
Capacitance
   
Where:
Eq. 5.1.
C = the capacitance of the capacitor, which is
measured in farad (F)
Q = Charge on the conductors, which is measured in
(SI unit : Farad (F)) coulomb (C)
= potential difference, which is measured in volts (V)
A capacitor is a device that stores
energy as well as charge.
The circuit
is open
Chemical
potential
Energy
The circuit
is open
Chemical
potential
Energy will
turn into
Electric
potential
energy
Energy in Capacitor
 
Eq. 5.2.
(SI unit : Joule (J))
 Where:
C = the capacitance of the
capacitor, which is measured
in farad (F)
Q = Charge on the conductors,
which is measured in coulomb
(C)
= potential difference, which is
measured in volts (V)
DIELECTRIC
• Non-conducting material, that when placed between the plates of
the capacitor, increases the capacitance.
• With a dielectric, the capacitance becomes,

Where:
= the dielectric constant of the material
 DIELECTRICS IN CAPACITORS SERVE
THREE PURPOSES

I. To keep the conducting plates from coming in contact, allowing for

smaller plate separations and therefore higher capacitance.
II. To increase the effective capacitance by reducing the electric field
strength, which means you get the same charge at a lower voltage; and
III. To reduce the possibility of shorting out by sparking (more formally
known as dielectric breakdown) during operation at high voltage.
PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR
Composed of two conducting plates, that is parallel with each other.
Eq. 5.3.
(SI unit : Farad(F))
Where:
= capacitance, which is measure in
farad, (F)
A = is the surface area, which is
measures in
d = distance between plates, that is
measured in meters
= Permittivity of free space, ε0 =
8.85 × 10−12 F/m
Sample Problem 5.1
What is the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with metal plates, each of area 1.00
m2, separated by 1.00 mm?
Sample Problem 5.2
What charge is stored in this capacitor if a voltage of 3.00 × 103 V is applied
to it?
Sample Problem 5.3
What charge is stored in a 180 μF capacitor when 120 V is applied to it?
Sample Problem 5.4
Capacitor calculations.
(a) Calculate the capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor whose plates are
20 cm * 3.0 cm and are separated by a 1.0-mm air gap. (b) What is the
charge on each plate if a 12-V battery is connected across the two plates? (c)
What is the electric field between the plates? (d) Estimate the area of the
plates needed to achieve a capacitance of 1 F, assuming the air gap d is 100
times smaller, or 10 microns (1 micron = 1 m = m).
Capacitor Network
PARAMETE
SERIES PARALLEL
R
Equation 5.4 Equation 5.5

CHARGE

Equation 5.6 Equation 5.7

VOLTAGE

Equation 5.8 Equation 5.9

CAPACITOR
Practice Problem 5.1
Does the capacitance of a device depend on the applied voltage?
What about the charge stored in it?
Practice Problem 5.2
What is the capacitance of a large Van de Graaff generator’s
terminal, given that it stores 8.00 C of charge at a voltage of 12.0
MV?
Practice Problem 5.3
What is the capacitance of two square parallel plates 6.6 cm on a
side that are separated by 1.8 mm of paraffin?
Practice Problem 5.4
Ohm’s Law
Guide Questions
1. What is the difference between ohmic and non ohmic
material?
2. What is the difference between EMF and potential difference
(PD)?
3. How can we determine the power supplied or dissipated?
4. How do we relate EMF, Resistance, Current, power and their
use in calculations?
5. How can we measure current and voltages?
Test your Understanding!

When you buy a water pipe in a hardware store, the

water isn’t included. When you buy copper wire,
electrons_____
A. must be supplied by you, just as water must
be supplied for a water pipe.
B. are already in the wire.
C. may fall out, which is why wires are
insulated.
D. enter it from the electric outlet.
Test your Understanding!
When you buy a water pipe in a hardware store, the
water isn’t included. When you buy copper wire,
electrons____
A. must be supplied by you, just as water must be
supplied for a water pipe.
B. are already in the wire.
C. may fall out, which is why wires are insulated.
D. enter it from the electric outlet.
Current
   
Where:
Eq. 5.10.
I = Current, which is measured in ampere (A)
Q = Charge, which is measured in coulomb (C)
= time, which is measured in seconds (s)
SI unit : Ampere (A)
 Using E.q. 5.10

rearranging this we can get

Charge
   
Where:
Eq. 5.11.
I = Current, which is measured in ampere (A)
Q = Charge, which is measured in coulomb (C)
= time, which is measured in seconds (s)
SI unit : Coulombs (C)
Conductance
   
Eq. 5.12. where:

G = conductance, which is measured in seimens (S)

R = resistance, which is measured in ohm-meter ()

SI unit : seimens (S)

 What is a resistor?
A resistor is a device
commonly seen on an
electrical device, it has a
variety of applications so it
was manufactured in variety
of shapes and sizes.
 Resistance
Opposition of a
material to the flow
of charge
Conductance
   
Eq. 5.13. where:

R = resistance, which is measured in ohm-meter

()
𝝆 = resistivity constant
SI unit : Ohm-meter ()
𝒍 = length of the wire, which is measured in meter
()
A = cross-sectional area which is measured in
meter ()
Resistivity
Simulation
Test your Understanding!

Which of the following type of copper wire would you

expect to have the least electric resistance?
A. thick long wire
B. thick short wire
C. thin long wire
D. thin short wire
Test your Understanding!

Which of the following type of copper wire would you

expect to have the least electric resistance?
A. thick long wire
B. thick short wire
C. thin long wire
D. thin short wire
Determine
Test the resistance
your Understanding! value of each
resistor
Resistor 1 - Red, Orange, Blue, Gold
Resistor 2 - Brown, Black, Green, Silver
Resistor 3 – Blue, Black, Brown, Gold
Resistor 4 – Red, Yellow, Violet, Red, Silver
Resistor 5 - White, Blue, Black, Silver
 Ohm’s Law
The current is directly
proportional to the
potential difference and
inversely proportional to
the resistance
Conductance
   
Eq. 5.14. where:

V = voltage (SI unit; Volts

(V))
I = current (SI unit; Ampere
SI unit : Ampere () (A))

R = resistance(SI unit; Ohms

())
Test your Understanding!

When you double the voltage in a simple

electric circuit, you double the?
A. current.
B. resistance.
C. ohms.
D. resistors
Test your Understanding!

When you double the voltage in a simple

electric circuit, you double the?

A. current.
B. resistance.
C. ohms.
D. resistors
 What is Ohmic
materials?
materials that follow
ohms law
Ohmic material
 What is nonohmic
materials?
materials that do not
follow ohms law
nonohmic material
 What is potential
difference?
The electric potential
difference between two
points, is simply the energy
required to transport a unit
charge between those two
points.
Potential difference is measured in
volts
𝐽𝑂𝑈𝐿𝐸
1𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑇 =
𝐶𝐻𝐴𝑅𝐺𝐸

V = E/Q
E=Q×V
 Q
E=Q×V

E = () × V
What is
electromotive force?
The number of joules
of chemical energy
transferred to electrical
energy and heat when
one coulomb of charge
passes through the
battery or cell
 What is electromotive
force?
The maximum electric potential
difference that can exist between
terminals of the voltage source.

Electromotive force is
actually not a force.
Sample Problem 5.5
Sample Problem 5.6
Practice Problem 5.5 and 5.6
 What is power?

Energy transfer
measured by the work
done in a certain time.
 

𝐸
𝑃=
𝑡
Sample Problem 5.7
Sample Problem 5.8

For the short-circuit situation of

the diagram find the rates of
energy conversion and energy
dissipation in the battery and
the net power output of the
battery.
practice
Practice ProblemExercise
5.7, 5.8, and 5.9
Test your Understanding!

If you double both the current and the voltage

in a circuit, the power
A. remains unchanged if resistance remains constant.
B. halves.
C. doubles.
D. quadruples.
Test your Understanding!

If you double both the current and the voltage

in a circuit, the power
A. remains unchanged if resistance remains constant.
B. halves.
C. doubles.
D. quadruples.
How do we measure
current and voltage?