June 4, 2022

Empowerment 1400H - 1500H

Health Disorder Via Zoom
Course–
objective - for
Fundamentals laypeople to have an
and understanding of the
Generalities in FUNDAMENTALS
Medical and GENERALITIES in
Management of the MEDICAL
ABDOMINAL MANAGEMENT of
HERNIAS ABDOMINAL
HERNIAS.
 Empowerment
Health Disorder ROJoson PEP Talk
Course–
objective - for
Fundamentals laypeople to have an I have a Patient
and understanding of the Empowerment
Generalities in FUNDAMENTALS Program in which I
Medical and GENERALITIES in like to empower the
the MEDICAL lay people or
Management of patients to take
ABDOMINAL MANAGEMENT of
control in the
HERNIAS ABDOMINAL management of
HERNIAS. their health.
 There are 3 courses
in the PEP Talk.
I completed the Core
Course on October 9,
2021.
 From October 23,
2021 onwards, I have
been tackling Health
Disorder and Health
Issue Courses. This
may take 3 years or
longer.
 My PEP TALK today
Empowerment is entitled:
Health Disorder
Course–
objective - for Fundamentals and
Fundamentals laypeople to have an Generalities in
and understanding of the Medical
Generalities in FUNDAMENTALS Management of
and GENERALITIES in ABDOMINAL
Medical HERNIAS. This is
Management of the MEDICAL
MANAGEMENT of part of the Health
ABDOMINAL Disorder Course.
HERNIAS ABDOMINAL
HERNIAS.
 Contents of PEP TALK on ABDOMINAL HERNIAS
Fundamentals • What are ABDOMINAL HERNIAS?
and Generalities • What are the different types of ABDOMINAL HERNIAS?
in Medical • What are the causes of ABDOMINAL HERNIAS?
Management of • Are there preventive measures against ABDOMINAL
ABDOMINAL HERNIAS?
• How common are the ABDOMINAL HERNIAS?
HERNIAS • Clinical diagnosis of ABDOMINAL HERNIAS
• Paraclinical diagnostic procedures for ABDOMINAL
HERNIAS
• Basic treatment modalities for ABDOMINAL HERNIAS
• Overview – GROIN or INGUINAL HERNIAS
• Myths and facts on INGUINAL HERNIAS
 Definition of Terms in Title AND Delimitation of
Fundamentals
Coverage of Talk:
and Generalities
in Medical
Fundamentals – simplest and essential facts and
Management of
theories which can serve as a basis or foundation
ABDOMINAL
and support for advanced information
HERNIAS
Generalities – general statements of info, not
covering specifics and details

Medical Management – diagnosis and treatment

by physicians
 • What are ABDOMINAL HERNIAS?
Fundamentals
and Generalities
in Medical
Management of
ABDOMINAL
HERNIAS
 • What are ABDOMINAL HERNIAS?
Fundamentals
and Generalities Abdominal hernias consist of a defect, a hole or
in Medical weakness in the abdominal wall or a peritoneal or
Management of mesenteric aperture or opening inside the
ABDOMINAL abdominal cavity that allows abdominal tissues or
HERNIAS organs like the small intestines to bulge through
or be trapped inside the aperture.
 • What are the different types of ABDOMINAL
Fundamentals
HERNIAS?
and Generalities
in Medical
Management of
ABDOMINAL
HERNIAS
 • What are the different types of ABDOMINAL
Fundamentals
HERNIAS?
and Generalities
in Medical There are two general ways of classifying types of
Management of abdominal hernias based on location.
ABDOMINAL 1.External and internal abdominal hernias
HERNIAS 2.Hernias indicated by specific location
 • What are the different types of ABDOMINAL
Fundamentals
HERNIAS?
and Generalities
in Medical There are also two general ways of classifying
Management of types of abdominal hernias based on cause.
ABDOMINAL 1. Congenital and acquired hernias
HERNIAS 2. Incisional and non-incisional hernias
 • What are the different types of ABDOMINAL
Fundamentals
HERNIAS?
and Generalities
in Medical External and internal abdominal hernias
Management of
ABDOMINAL
HERNIAS
 • What are the different types of ABDOMINAL
Fundamentals
HERNIAS?
and Generalities
in Medical External abdominal hernias are those in which
Management of abdominal organs or tissues leave their normal
ABDOMINAL anatomic site and protrude towards the skin of
HERNIAS abdomen because of a congenital or acquired
defect, hole or weakness in the abdominal wall.
 • What are the different types of ABDOMINAL
Fundamentals
HERNIAS?
and Generalities
in Medical Internal abdominal hernias are those in which
Management of abdominal organs or tissues protrude through a
ABDOMINAL peritoneal or mesenteric opening inside the
HERNIAS abdominal cavity or through a defect in the inner
wall of the abdominal cavity such as in the
diaphragm and pelvic wall.
 • What are the different types of ABDOMINAL
Fundamentals
HERNIAS?
and Generalities
in Medical Hernias indicated by specific location
Management of
ABDOMINAL Inguinal Femoral Umbilical Epigastric
hernias hernias hernias hernias
HERNIAS

Spigelian Incisional Diaphragmatic

Hiatal hernias
hernias hernias hernias

Adhesion-
Obturator Mesenteric
associated
hernias hernias
hernias
 • What are the different types of ABDOMINAL
Fundamentals
HERNIAS?
and Generalities
in Medical Congenital and acquired hernias
Management of
ABDOMINAL Congenital hernias are those hernias present at
HERNIAS birth. The defect, hole, or defect causing the
hernia is present at birth.

Acquired hernias are those hernias developing

after birth and whose weakness in the wall or
presence other defects causing the hernias are
due to causative factors occurring after birth.
 • What are the different types of ABDOMINAL
Fundamentals
HERNIAS?
and Generalities
in Medical Incisional and non-incisional hernias
Management of
ABDOMINAL An incisional hernia is a protrusion of tissue that
HERNIAS forms at the site of a healing or healed surgical
scar. It is due to a weakened abdominal wall
associated with the surgical incision. An incisional
hernia implies that a prior operation was done.

In non-incisional hernias, there is no history of

operation done in the areas of the hernias.
 • What are the causes of ABDOMINAL HERNIAS?
Fundamentals
and Generalities
in Medical
Management of
ABDOMINAL
HERNIAS
 • What are the causes of ABDOMINAL HERNIAS?
Fundamentals
and Generalities There is a defect, a hole or weakness that allows
in Medical internal organs or tissues to protrude or be
Management of inserted into causing a hernia.
ABDOMINAL
HERNIAS The defect, the hole or weakness can be present
at birth (congenital) or developing after birth
(acquired).
 • What are the causes of ABDOMINAL HERNIAS?
Fundamentals
and Generalities Among the acquired hernias, prior operation
in Medical producing weakness of the abdominal wall and
Management of adhesion-associated hernia is a cause.
ABDOMINAL
HERNIAS Other causes include aging, repeated straining,
weight lifting and some rare medical diseases that
cause weakness of the abdominal wall due to
abnormal systemic collagen synthesis (such as
Marfans Syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos).
 • Are there preventive measures against
Fundamentals
abdominal hernias?
and Generalities
in Medical
Management of
ABDOMINAL
HERNIAS
 • Are there preventive measures against
Fundamentals
abdominal hernias?
and Generalities
in Medical For the congenital hernias, there are currently NO
Management of preventive measures.
ABDOMINAL
HERNIAS For the acquired hernias, except for age and
medical diseases that cause abdominal weakness,
there are preventive measures.
• Proper operative technique of operative
wound closure can prevent incisional hernias.
• Avoiding repeated straining and strenuous
weight lifting can also prevent hernias to a
certain degree.
 • How common are the ABDOMINAL HERNIAS?
Fundamentals
and Generalities
in Medical
Management of
ABDOMINAL
HERNIAS
 • How common are the ABDOMINAL HERNIAS?
Fundamentals
and Generalities Some are common; some are rare.
in Medical
Management of Inguinal hernias are most common among the
ABDOMINAL non-incisional hernias.
HERNIAS
 • Clinical diagnosis of ABDOMINAL HERNIAS
Fundamentals
and Generalities
in Medical
Management of
ABDOMINAL
HERNIAS
 • Clinical diagnosis of ABDOMINAL HERNIAS
Fundamentals
and Generalities For external abdominal hernias,
in Medical 1st cue - an unusual bulge on the abdominal wall.
Management of 2nd cue -bulge becomes more prominent on
ABDOMINAL increased intra-abdominal pressure like standing
HERNIAS up; straining; and coughing and becomes less
prominent to the point of reducible when the
intra-abdominal pressure has decreased.
3rd cue -bulge can be reduced back into the
abdominal cavity.
 • Clinical diagnosis of ABDOMINAL HERNIAS
Fundamentals
and Generalities For internal abdominal hernias, these will be not
in Medical evident on inspection and palpation of the
Management of abdomen. They are often diagnosed through an
ABDOMINAL imaging procedure such ultrasound, CT-can, and
HERNIAS MRI or during an exploratory laparotomy
(opening of the abdomen) done because of
intestinal obstruction (the internal abdominal
hernias are subsequently discovered).
 • Paraclinical diagnostic procedures for
Fundamentals
ABDOMINAL HERNIAS
and Generalities
in Medical
Management of
ABDOMINAL
HERNIAS
 • Paraclinical diagnostic procedures for
Fundamentals
ABDOMINAL HERNIAS
and Generalities
in Medical Common paraclinical diagnostic procedures are
Management of the imaging procedures such as ultrasound, CT
ABDOMINAL scan and MRI.
HERNIAS
These are done only when indicated.

Usually, for external abdominal hernias, there is

no need for paraclinical diagnostic procedures. If
unsure of diagnosis of hernia, then one is done.
 • Basic treatment modalities for ABDOMINAL
Fundamentals
HERNIAS
and Generalities
in Medical
Management of
ABDOMINAL
HERNIAS
 • Basic treatment modalities for ABDOMINAL
Fundamentals
HERNIAS
and Generalities
in Medical
The basic treatment modality is OPERATION or
Management of
SURGERY.
ABDOMINAL
• To repair the hole, defect, or weakness causing
HERNIAS
the hernia.
• To reduce the incarcerated organs.
• To resect any strangulated bowels.
 • Overview – GROIN or INGUINAL HERNIAS
Fundamentals
and Generalities
in Medical
Management of
ABDOMINAL
HERNIAS
 • Overview – GROIN or INGUINAL HERNIAS
Fundamentals
and Generalities
in Medical
Management of
ABDOMINAL
HERNIAS
 • Overview – GROIN or INGUINAL HERNIAS
Fundamentals
and Generalities Inguinal hernias are hernias at the groin.
in Medical
Management of These are the commonest types of abdominal
ABDOMINAL hernias.
HERNIAS
They are more common in the males than in
females.
 • Overview – GROIN or INGUINAL HERNIAS
Fundamentals
and Generalities There are 2 types inguinal hernias: indirect and
in Medical direct hernias. There can be a combination of the
Management of two.
ABDOMINAL
HERNIAS
 • Overview – GROIN or INGUINAL HERNIAS
Fundamentals
and Generalities The inguinal hernias are commonly congenital,
in Medical particularly the indirect ones.
Management of
ABDOMINAL The direct hernias are usually acquired, in older
HERNIAS people because of weakness due to age.
 • Overview – GROIN or INGUINAL HERNIAS
Fundamentals
and Generalities
The inguinal hernias are recognized through a
in Medical
bulge in the groin area and the bulge is reducible.
Management of
In those with complications such as incarceration
ABDOMINAL
and strangulation, the bulge may not be reducible
HERNIAS
and there will be skin discoloration (dark blue and
even black) if there is already strangulation of the
incarcerated small intestines.
 • Overview – GROIN or INGUINAL HERNIAS
Fundamentals
and Generalities
Usually, inguinal hernias are diagnosed clinically
in Medical
without need for paraclinical diagnostic
Management of
procedures.
ABDOMINAL
HERNIAS
 • Overview – GROIN or INGUINAL HERNIAS
Fundamentals
and Generalities
Treatment is surgical with repair of the defect,
in Medical
hole or weakness preventing an occurrence of a
Management of
hernia.
ABDOMINAL
HERNIAS
Reduction is done when there is incarceration.
Resection of strangulated small intestines is done
when there is already strangulation.
 • Overview – GROIN or INGUINAL HERNIAS
Fundamentals
and Generalities Dangers of INGUINAL HERNIAS when not treated
in Medical (operated on time):
Management of Incarceration, obstruction and strangulation
ABDOMINAL
HERNIAS
 • Myths and facts on INGUINAL HERNIAS
Fundamentals
and Generalities
in Medical
Management of
ABDOMINAL
HERNIAS
 • Myths and facts on INGUINAL HERNIAS
Fundamentals
and Generalities Can an inguinal hernia be cured by a supporter?
in Medical No.
Management of
ABDOMINAL A hernia truss or belt is a supportive
HERNIAS undergarment for men designed to keep the
protruding tissue in place and relieve discomfort.
A hernia truss can help a patient with inguinal
hernia feel more comfortable temporarily, but it
doesn't treat the hernia.
 • Myths and facts on INGUINAL HERNIAS
Fundamentals
and Generalities Can a groin hernia heal itself? Will it disappear
in Medical spontaneously?
Management of No.
ABDOMINAL A groin hernia or any abdominal hernia cannot
HERNIAS heal on its own. If left untreated, the defect or
hole of the hernia usually gets bigger with time.
The presence of the defect or hole in a hernia is a
constant risk for incarceration and strangulation
of small intestines. A strangulated herniated
intestine is one in which the blood supply to the
intestines is cut-off as it is strangulated by the
hernia.
 • Myths and facts on INGUINAL HERNIAS
Fundamentals
and Generalities Surgery is the only way to fix an inguinal hernia.
in Medical The surgeon will push the bulging tissue back
Management of inside; close the hole or defect; and strengthen
ABDOMINAL the abdominal wall with stitches and perhaps
HERNIAS mesh. 
 Contents of PEP TALK on ABDOMINAL HERNIAS
Fundamentals • Summary
What are ABDOMINAL HERNIAS?
and Generalities • What are the different types of ABDOMINAL HERNIAS? Take Away
in Medical • What are the causes of ABDOMINAL HERNIAS?
Management of • Are there preventive measures against ABDOMINAL
ABDOMINAL HERNIAS?
• How common are the ABDOMINAL HERNIAS?
HERNIAS • Clinical diagnosis of ABDOMINAL HERNIAS
• Paraclinical diagnostic procedures for ABDOMINAL
HERNIAS
• Basic treatment modalities for ABDOMINAL HERNIAS
• Overview – GROIN or INGUINAL HERNIAS
• Myths and facts on INGUINAL HERNIAS
 Fundamentals Be always in touch with reliable medical Take Away in
and Generalities information on fundamentals and relation to
in Medical generalities in medical management of Patient
Management of ABDOMINAL HERNIAS. Empowerment
ABDOMINAL
HERNIAS Knowledge is power; it gives power.
Use the 4Ks of Patient Empowerment:
Kaalaman, Kakayanan, Karapatan and
Kapangyarihan
to gain greater control over decisions in
medical management of ABDOMINAL
HERNIAS.
 Empowerment
Health Disorder
Course–
objective - for
Fundamentals laypeople to have an
and understanding of the
Generalities in FUNDAMENTALS
Medical and GENERALITIES in
Management of the MEDICAL
ABDOMINAL MANAGEMENT of
HERNIAS ABDOMINAL
HERNIAS.