STATISTICAL

PROCESS CONTROL
CJ Darvin
CONTENTS
Process Capability

Process Performance

Different Control Charts For Variables

Control Charts for Attributes

Objectives of The Chart

Procedure in Applying Charts

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 PROCESS CAPABILITY
Process spread or Process capability is determined if the X̄
and R charts have achieved the optimal quality improvement
without substantial investment for equipment. When the
process is in statistical control, Process capability is equal to
6σ, where:
Process spread or Process capability is the capacity if your
process within the confines of your upper and lower limits.
When the process is in statistical control, Process capability is
equal to 6σ, where:

and

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 PROCESS CAPABILITY –
CONT.
Capability Index is formed by Dividing the Tolerance with
Process Capability;

If Cp > 1 = Process is capable of meeting specs.

If Cp < 1 = Process is incapable of meeting specs.
De facto Cp value standard = 1.33 or 2.00

In terms of measuring process performance in terms of nominal or

target value, this measure can be accomplished using Cpk;

1. Cpk de facto standard = 1.00 or 1.33

2. Cp value does not change when the process center changes
3. Cp = Cpk when the process is centered
4. Cpk is always equal or less than Cp
5. Cpk > 1 = Conforms to specs; <1 = Does not conform to specs
6. Cp < 1 = process is not capable
7. Cpk = 0; Average is equal to one of the specification limits
8. Negative Cpk means that average is outside of the specifications

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 PROCESS PERFORMANCE
In reality, assignable causes are present. These are investigated
and given corrective actions so that reoccurrences are
prevented. In addition to Cp and Cpk, SPC manual from
Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG) suggests process
performance indices Pp and Ppk. These indices are calculated
using the standard deviation through the formula;

S is equal to the squared root of the summation of xi minus

xbar squared divided by n minus 1

This is often referred to as “overall” standard deviation

because it includes not only random variation between
subgroups but also variations due to assignable causes. Pp and
Ppk are called Process Performance indices.

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 DIFFERENT CHARTS FOR
VARIABLES
Although most quality control activity for variables is
concerned with the X̄ and R charts, there are other charts that
find application in some situations. These charts are described
in Table 15-5.

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 CONTROL CHARTS FOR
ATTRIBUTES
An attribute - as defined in quality, refers to those quality
characteristics that conform to specifications or do not
conform to specifications. There are two types:
1. Where measurements are impossible.
2. Where measurements can be made but are not made
because of time, cost or need.
Nonconformity – is a departure if a quality characteristic from
its intended level or state that occurs with a severity sufficient
to cause an associated product or service not to meet a
specification requirement.
Defect – Fails to satisfy intended normal usage requirements.

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 CONTROL CHARTS FOR
ATTRIBUTES – CONT.
There are two different groups of control charts for attributes.

For nonconforming units:

Proportion, p, chart – shows the proportion of
nonconforming in a sample or subgroup, accompanied in this
group is the number nonconforming, np.
For nonconformities:
c chart – shows the count of nonconformities in an inspected
unit.
u chart – is also closely related to the c chart which is for the
count of nonconformities per unit.

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 OBJECTIVES OF THE
CHART
1. Determine the average quality level – helps in determining
process capability in terms of attributes
2. Bring the attention of management to any changes in the
average. Can provide helpful inputs for the management in
order to conduct investigations and corrective actions for
sudden changes in avg. ^^
3. Improve product quality.
4. Evaluate the quality performance of operating and management
personnel.
5. Suggest places where to use X̄ and R charts.
6. Determine acceptance criteria of a product before shipment to
the costumer.

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 PROCEDURES IN
APPLYING CHARTS
1. Determine the use of control chart.
The p chart is used for data that consists the proportion of
the number of occurrences of an event to the total number
of occurrences;

2. Determine the size of the subgroups

3. Data collection for at least 25 subgroups. (pag less than
25, low accuracy. Calculation of trial central lines and
control limits.
The average proportion of nonconforming, p̄ , is the
central line and the control limits are established at 3σ;
, ,

4. Discard out of control points and solve for the new

average proportion Po.
5. Take action to achieve the objectives.

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THANK YOU

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