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Content:: Elevator Terminology and Components Types of Elevators Safety Features Types of Emergencies Rescue Methods
Content:: Elevator Terminology and Components Types of Elevators Safety Features Types of Emergencies Rescue Methods
Content:
Elevator terminology
and components
Types of elevators
Safety features
Types of Emergencies
Rescue methods
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Elevator Training 2003
Please note:
*Remember, all elevators are not built the same.
*Elevators installed at different time periods
conform to different requirements or codes.
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Counter weight
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Counter weight
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Counter weight
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Hoistway
The shaft that encompasses the elevator car.
Generally serving all floors of the building.
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Hoistway
In high-rise buildings hoistways may be banked.
With specific hoistways serving only the lower
floors and others serving only middle or upper
floors while traveling in a blind hoistway until
reaching the floors that it serves. A blind
hoistway has no doors on the floors that it does
not serve.
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Elevator car
A heavy steel frame surrounding a cage of metal
and wood panels. The top of the car frame is
called the “crosshead”. Cabled elevators are
usually suspended from the crosshead.
The bottom of the frame is usually referred to as
the “safety plank”.
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Cross head
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Safety plank
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Elevator car
The elevator car door travels through the
hoistway with the car.
A toe guard is present at the bottom of some
cars. This guard protects the passengers from
being exposed to the open hoistway under the
car if the doors are opened when it is not at the
landing. The guard is between 21” and 48”
long.
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Toe guard
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Elevator door
These doors can sometimes opened on the inside
by hand, except where anti-egress devices are
installed.
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Anti-egress lock
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Hoistway doors
Horizontal operating hoistway doors are generally
hung from the top on rollers that run in a track,
with the bottom of the door running in a slot.
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Hoistway doors
Forcing these doors at the middle or at the bottom
will cause damage to the doors and their mounting
hardware. The doors can also be knocked out of
their track and fall into the hoistway.
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Hoistway emergency door keys
Carried on trucks and the squad, permit the
unlocking of the hoistway door interlock.
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Escutcheon tube
The keyhole on the upper portion of a hoistway
door that accepts a hoistway emergency door key
and permits unlocking of the hoistway door
locking mechanism.
These keyholes are usually located at the bottom
and top floors, but may also be on other selected
floors or all floors.
You may find a lock covering these keyholes on
some new elevator installations. Locate these keys
during pre-fires.
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Escutcheon tube
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Escutcheon tube
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Car top operating station
Provided on some cars for operating the car from
the car top. To be used by the elevator technician
when servicing the car.
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Operating station
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Photo-electric and infrared sensors
A sensor between the hoistway and car doors that
detects objects in their path and prevents the
doors from closing.
Photo-electric eyes were problematic and are
being phased out.
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Infra-red sensor
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Roller guides
A set of three wheels that roll against the guide
rails.
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Roller guides on
Cross head
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Roller guides
on Safety plank
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Safeties
Emergency braking mechanism that stops the car
by wedging into the guide rails when over
speeding has occurred.
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Safeties
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Safeties
Governor rope
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Hoisting cables (or ropes)
Used on traction type elevators, usually attached
to the crosshead and extending up into the
machine room looping over the sheave on the
motor and then down to the counter weights.
Hoisting cable are generally 3 to 6 in number.
They are steel with a hemp core to keep them
pliable and lubricated.
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Hoisting cables (or ropes)
These cables are usually 1/2”or 5/8” in diameter.
The 1/2”cables have a breaking strength of
14,500lbs and the 5/8” 23,000lbs each.
However, at 900 degrees the wire steel rope
contains only about 13% of its original tensile
strength.
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Nickel Babbitt
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Hoisting cables
Wedge clamp
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Counter weight
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Sheave
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Guide rails
Tracks in the form of a “T” that run the length of
the hoistway, that guide the elevator car.
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Guide rail
Guide rail
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Governor sheave
Provided to detect over speeding of the car.
Usually a cable is attached to the safeties on the
under side of the car, called the governor rope.
This rope runs down through a pulley at the
bottom of the shaft and back up to the machine
room and around the governor sheave.
When over-speeding is detected, the governor
grips the cable which applies the safeties that
wedge against the guide rails and stops the car.
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Governor sheave
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Governor rope
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Governor rope
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Car emergency exit
Usually located at the top of the elevator cars,
sometimes on the side, other times not present.
Top exits open from outside the car.
Side exits are extremely dangerous to use and are
no longer being installed. Existing side exits have
been disabled by being permanently bolted shut.
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Machine room
For electric traction type
Usually located above the hoistway in a penthouse
or two floors above the highest floor it serves, but
may be in the basement if overhead space is
unavailable.
Generally containing hoisting machines,
controllers, generator, speed governor and the
main electrical disconnects to the elevators.
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Elevator
car number
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Fire phone
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Intercom
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Machine room
For hydraulic plunger type
Usually located in the basement or first floor, but
could be anywhere.
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Phase I
A mode of operation activated by a smoke
detector located in an elevator lobby, elevator
machine room, elevator hoistway or by a keyed
recall switch.
This activation returns all cars to the main egress
lobby or an alternated designated landing, opens
the elevator doors and removes the cars from
service.
If the car is on independent service, the elevator
will revert to Phase I recall in about 60 seconds.
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Phase I
The keyed recall switch has an “On”, “Off” and
sometimes a “Bypass” position. The key is
removable in the “On” and “Off” positions only.
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Phase I
On - Puts elevators into phase I recall.
Off - Puts elevator back into normal service.
Bypass – Put elevator back into service regardless
of whether the smoke detectors are reset. The key
must be kept in switch when it is in the bypass
position.
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Phase I
Note: The “bypass” feature is being replaced with
a “reset” feature for elevators installed or altered
under ASME A17.1a, 2002.
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Phase II
A mode of operation activated by the firefighters
independent service key switch inside the elevator.
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Phase II
The Phase II keyed switch in the car has an “Off”,
“On” and sometimes a “Hold” position.
The “Hold” position allows fire personnel to
remove the key and search a floor while the
elevator car is waiting with the doors open.
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Phase II
Off - Puts elevator back into phase I control,
unless elevator is not in phase I, then the elevator
will stay at that location with doors open until it is
put into phase II again, returned to lobby and
then switched to the off position.
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Phase II
On - Puts the elevator into firefighter’s
independent service.
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Types of elevators
•Hydraulic
•Electric traction
•Drum
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Hydraulic
Found in two types:
Plunger type and Roped hydraulic
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Hydraulic – Roped hydraulic
This type is similar to the electric traction type
but uses a hydraulic machine for power.
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Hydraulic – Roped hydraulic
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Hydraulic - Plunger type
This type is the most common and consists of an
elevator car mounted on top of a long hydraulic
piston. The piston is generally not telescopic, so
there must be a hole in the ground as long as the
distance the elevator travels.
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Hydraulic – Plunger type
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Electric - Traction type
This is the most common type of elevator for high-
rise buildings. It consists of a driving sheave, over
which the hoisting ropes pass coming from the
elevator crosshead and going to the counter
weights.
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Electric - Traction type
- Controller
Machine room - - DC motor with sheave
- Speed governor
- Guide rails
- Counter weights
Hoistway doors -
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Drum type
Drum – Consists of a large drum in the machine
room around which hoisting cables and counter
weights ropes are wound. Not used in tall
buildings because of the large drum size that
would be necessary.
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Safety features
Safeties – a stopping mechanism for an over
speeding car.
Interlocks – Cuts power to the car if this
electrical/mechanical interconnection is broken.
Anti-egress – Allows car doors to open only 4
inches unless car is near landing.
Emergency stop switch – The red switch inside
some cars that cuts off the power to the car except
for the lights, alarm and communication system.
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Safety features
Seismic switch - A motion sensing device on some
elevators installations. If it is activated the
elevator will move away from the counter weights
to the next landing with its doors open and
inoperable.
This device overrides phase I and phase II
operation unless phase II operation is already in
effect.
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Safety features
If this device has been activated it can mean that
an unsafe structural condition exists.
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Safety features
Seismic valve for hydraulic elevators - A valve
located in the pit close to the jack that is designed
to hold pressure if the hydraulic line is broken due
to seismic activity.
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Seismic valve
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Elevator emergencies
In many cases an elevator technician can correct a
problem faster than we can initiate a rescue.
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Types of emergencies
•Person trapped in elevator car
– Power failure
– Malfunction of control components
– Activation of safety equipment
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- Power failure
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- Power failure
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- Power failure
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- Malfunction of control components
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- Malfunction of control components
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- Malfunction of control components
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- Activation of safety equipment.
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- Activation of safety equipment.
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Remember:
•Let your presence be known to the trapped
occupant when you arrive. Calm and reassure the
them and let them know that there is no danger
and steps are being taken to remove them safely.
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Rescue methods
•Person trapped in elevator car
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Rescue methods
•Person trapped in elevator car
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Rescue methods
•Person trapped in elevator car
If that does not work you can try calling the car to
the floor above or below its location in the
opposite direction it was traveling.
Sometimes its necessary to try this on several
floors to get the call to register.
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Rescue methods
•Person trapped in elevator car
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Rescue methods
•Person trapped in elevator car
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Rescue methods
•Person trapped in elevator car
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Rescue methods
•Person trapped in elevator car
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Inside hoistway
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Rescue methods
•Person trapped in elevator car
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Rescue methods
•Person trapped in elevator car
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Interlock
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Rescue methods
•Person trapped in elevator car
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Rescue methods
•Person trapped in elevator car
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Rescue methods
•Person trapped in elevator car
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Anti-egress lock
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Rescue methods
•Person trapped in elevator car
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Rescue methods
•Opening the hoistway doors from an adjacent
car.
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Rescue methods
•Opening the hoistway doors from an adjacent
car.
-Set the main power switch in the machine room
for both cars to the off position.
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Rescue methods
•Opening the hoistway doors from an adjacent
car.
-Extend a pike pole through the opening between
the car and hoistway doors to the interlock roller
of the stalled car.
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Rescue methods
•Opening the hoistway doors from an adjacent
car.
-Activate the interlock mechanism while a
member opens the hoistway doors.
-Rescuer enter elevator and remove one occupant
at a time.
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Rescue methods
•Opening the hoistway doors from an adjacent
car.
*Guard any opening to the hoistway that exists.
*Be careful not to extend the pike pole into the
hoistway of an elevator still in service.
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Rescue methods
•Car more than 3’ from landing.
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Rescue methods
•Car more than 3’ from landing.
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Rescue methods
•Removal of occupants through the top emergency
exit.
*Do not use top emergency exits in unenclosed
hoistways. Also, some elevators do not have these
exits.
*The preferred method is to have an elevator
technician move the car to a landing level.
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Rescue methods
•Removal of occupants through the top emergency
exit.
*The following should only be performed if a real
emergency exists.
-Set the main power switch in the machine room
to off and station a member to guard the switch
with a radio (and a fire phone if available).
-If there are elevators in adjoining shafts, set their
power switches to off also.
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Rescue methods
•Removal of occupants through the top emergency
exit.
-Open the hoistway doors at the nearest landing
level above the stalled car. The opening of the
hoistway doors can be accomplished as described
previously.
-A ladder with non-skid feet should be lowered
and securely positioned to the car top. The ladder
should be long enough to have at least 3 rungs
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Rescue methods
•Removal of occupants through the top emergency
exit.
-One member of the rescue team wearing a safety
belt and properly tied off to a secure line descends
to the top of the car.
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Rescue methods
•Removal of occupants through the top emergency
exit.
-The second rescuer should carry a second safety
belt for the victim.
-One rescuer should enter the stalled car and set
the emergency stop switch to off (if available),
while the other stays on the car top.
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Rescue methods
•Removal of occupants through the top emergency
exit.
-A third member should be at the landing used to
gain access.
-The occupants should then be assisted up the
ladder from the car wearing the safety belt, one at
a time.
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Elevators
• The information covered in this presentation
are some, but not all of the methods of elevator
rescue. For more in-depth information on
elevator function and methods of elevator
rescue, refer to:
1. PF&R Training Bulletin #19, Elevators and Elevator
Emergencies.
2. ASME A17.4, Guide for Emergency Personnel.
3. The Chief Elevator Inspector, Oregon Dept. of
Consumer and Business Services.
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Thank you
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