MOLECULAR

IMMUNOLOGY
Biochemistry Department
Medical Faculty
USU
Phagocytosis
 Hematopoietic stem cells
• The Bone marrow contains at least two
types of stem cells.
• Mesenchymal stem cell which constitute
the bone marrow stroma and under
appropriate signals can differentiate into
adipocytes, osteocytes, chondrocytes and
myocytes
• Hematopoietic stem cell which gives rise to
the formed elements of the blood and
produce growth factors including IL-3, -4,-6
and-7, G-CSF, GM-CSF, SCF, flt-3, EPO,
TPO, etc.
 Clonal Selection of Lymphocytes
(Bone Marrow and Thymic gland)

 “single type receptor” on Lymphocytes

can recognize all possible antigens.
 However, we normally do not make
immune responses against our own
tissues.
 This is called Self Tolerance
 Lymphocytes with receptors for self
antigens are eliminated (Clonal deletion)
 Cell death occurs by Apoptosis
 T-
• CELLSthe environment for
The Thymus provides
T-cell differentiation
• Thymic epithelial cells produce a series of
peptide hormones which mostly seem
capable of promoting the appearance of T-
cell differentiation markers.
• Several have been well characterized
including Thymulin, Thymosin α1, Thymic
humoral factor and Thymopoietin
 B-CELLS
• B-lymphocyte precursors, pro-B-cells are
present among the islands of
hematopoietic cells in fetal liver by 8-9
weeks of gestation.
• Production of B-cells by the liver wanes
and is mostly taken over by the bone
marrow for the remainder of life.
• B-cells have different stages in their
development and a series of differentiation
markers associated with B-cell maturation
 Activation of B- and T-Lymphocytes

• Lymph nodes are sites of activation of

lymphocytes by antigen.
• Naive lymphocytes enter lymph nodes
continuously from the blood
• When a lymphocyte with an appropriate
receptor binds to the trapped antigen it
ceases to recirculate and becomes
activated
 Activation of B- and T-Lymphocytes

• Effector cells :
– B-cells Plasma cells
– T-cells T-cytotoxic
Th1, Th2,
Th17, Th22
– T-cell receptorT-regulatory
recognize only
peptide which is presented by
MHC/HLA molecules on the cell
 Major Histocompatibility Complex

• MHC / HLA (Human Leucocyte

Antigen) is a protein which is
synthesized in the cell, present an
antigen on the cell surface which will
be recognize by T-
cell Receptor.
• We can find MHC class I on the cell
surface of all cells except those
Erythrocytes and Thrombocytes
• This protein can activate CD8+ T-
 Major Histocompatibility Complex

• MHC class II molecules are cell-surface

glycoproteins, that deliver peptides
and activate CD4+ T-cells
• MHC class III : part of the Complement
system : C4, C2, Factor B and Isozyme
21-hydroxylase
• MHC class IV : similar with those MHC
class I but has restricted distribution.
 Antigen presenting cells

• Makrophage, B-Lymphocytes, Dendritic cells

• “Menangkap” dan mempresentasikan antigen
dipermukaannya
• Antigen (sepotong peptida) tersebut terikat pada
molekul MHC (Major Histocompatibility
Complex) kelas II.
• Interaksi dgn sel T proliferasi
dan differensiasi sel T
• Interaksi MHC kls II dipermukaan sel lain (sel
hepar) dengan sel T sel T anergic
(Toleransi)
Figure 25-51 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Figure 25-67 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Figure 25-72 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)