First and Second Trimester

Dep. Anatomi FK USU 2020

 Formation of Tissues of the
Body
• Functional differentiation of cells of germ layers and organogenesis
takes place during the embryonic period.
• Germ layers are:
The ectoderm differentiates into surface ectoderm, neuroectoderm and
neural crest cells.
The endoderm contributes for the formation of digestive and respiratory
systems.
The intraembryonic mesoderm is divided into three parts, i.e. paraxial,
intermediate and lateral plate mesoderm. The musculoskeletal, blood
vascular and parts of urinary and genital systems develop from them.
The four basic tissues of the human body are
derivatives of germ layers.
1) Epithelial tissue: Epithelium consists of cells arranged in the form of
continuous sheets. Epithelia line the external and internal surfaces
of the body and of body cavities.
2) Connective tissue: Connective tissue proper includes loose
connective tissue, dense connective tissue and adipose tissue.
Blood, cartilage and bone are special connective tissues.
3) Muscular tissue: three types: (1) skeletal, (2) cardiac and (3)
smooth.
4) Nervous tissue: consists of neurons (nerve cells), nerve cell
processes (axons and dendrites) and cells of neuroglia
• At the beginning of the fetal period (9th week to 3rd month), the
embryo has developed into a recognizable human being and the
primordia of all organ system have formed.
• Fetal period → t h e rapid growth in body size and toward
differentiation of tissues, organs and organ systems.
 the growth of the head is slow as compared to that of the
rest of body.
At the beginning of 3rd month, the head is half the CRL (Crown-rump length),
while at birth it is about one-fourth of CRL.
 Fetal weight gain is very rapid in the last month of pregnancy.
 Clinical
correlation
The embryo is highly sensitive to teratogens during 15th to 18th day
(3rd week/ gastrulation period) of development as the primitive streak
and its derivatives will be affected.
Holoprosencephaly; the forebrain is small and the two lateral
ventricles fuse into a single cavity,the eyes are closely placed
(hypertelorism). High doses of alcohol in the mother can cause this
condition.
Caudal dysgenesis (Sirenomelia);
Deficiency of mesoderm in the caudal part
of the embryo that normally contributes for
the formation of lower limbs, urogenital
system and lumbosacral vertebrae. → T h e
child is born with fused lower limbs and
presents renal, genital and vertebral
anomalies including imperforate anus.
→ T h i s condition is more common in
mother with diabetes
Sacrococcygeal teratoma; Persistence of
pluripotent cells of primitive streak at the
caudal end of embryonic disc after 4th
week of gestation gives rise to a large
tumor called sacrococcygeal teratoma.
→ c a u s e obstruction during labor and
is usually malignant. It has to be
removed within 6 months after birth.
EMBRIOLOGY TIME
LINE
Second Trimester