..Antimatter..

Presenting By
Name Registration number
M SHAHID AKBAR PHYS202101003
SABA JAVED PHYS2111010203
ZAINAB SHAJZAD PHYS202101022
JAVARIA SUFYAN PHYS211101206

BS PHYSICS 7TH SEMESTER

Content:
•1.What is antimatter?
•2.Examples of antiparticles
•3.Where is the antimatter?
•4.How can be produce antimatter?
•5.Experiments of antimatter
•6.Antimatter in future
•7.conclusion
 What is antimatter?

Antimatter is the opposite of normal matter. More specifically, the

sub-atomic particles of antimatter have properties opposite those of
normal matter.

To better understand antimatter, one needs to know more about

matter…
 Matter..

Matter is defined as
anything that has mass
and takes up space .
Matter is everything around
you. Atoms and compounds
are all made of very small
parts of matter.
Atom
Image source- https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpngtree.com%2Ffree-png-vectors%2Fatom&psig=AOvVaw136-
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 Comparing between matter and antimatter
Matter
Is material composed of
particle. (every thing in the
universe is made out of
matter).
Examples: earth, plants,
stars, particles(leptons,
quarks, neutrinos, and
electron).
Antimatter
 is material composed of
antiparticles, which have the
same mass as particles of
ordinary matter but have
opposite charge.
Examples: anti-earth, anti-plants,
anti-stars,
antiparticles(antileptons,
antiquark, anti-neutrinos, and
 Annihilation
• When matter and antimatter meet they annihilate and destroy each
other.

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 WHERE IS THE ANTIMATTER IN THE UNIVERSE?

The Big Bang should have created equal amounts of matter and antimatter. So
why is there far more matter than antimatter in the universe?

Nevertheless, a tiny portion of matter – about one particle per billion –

managed to survive. This is what we see today

Reference https://home.cern/science/physics/matter-antimatter-asymmetry-problem#:~:text=in%20the%20universe%3F-,The
%20Big%20Bang%20should%20have%20created%20equal%20amounts%20of%20matter,much%20antimatter%20to%20be%20found.
 Stages of Discover Antimatter
Dirac's equation predicts antiparticles

In 1928, British physicist Paul Dirac wrote down an equation that combined quantum
theory and special relativity to describe the behaviour of an electron moving at a relativistic
speed.

But the equation posed a problem: just as the equation x^2=4 can have two possible
solutions (x=2 or x=-2), so

Dirac interpreted the equation to mean that for every particle there exists a corresponding
antiparticle, exactly matching the particle but with opposite charge. For the electron there
should be an "antielectron" identical in every way but with a positive electric charge

Reference https://timeline.web.cern.ch/diracs-equation-predicts-antiparti
Conti…
Positron was discovered by Carl Anderson 1932.
Positron =>“opposite electron” (Noble Prize 1936).

Produce antiproton at California University in 1955(bevatron).

 Image source
https://home.cern/science/experiments/alpha#:~:text=The%20ALPHA%20experiment%20is%20a,an%20earlier%20antimatter
%20experiment%2C%20ATHENA.&text=ALPHA%20uses%20a%20different%20trapping,they%20annihilate%20with
%20ordinary%20atoms.

ALPHA
ALPHA makes, captures and studies atoms of antihydrogen and compares
them with hydrogen atoms
ALPHA is a unique experiment at CERN's Antiproton Decelerator facility,
able to produce antihydrogen atoms and hold them in a specially-designed
magnetic trap. Trapping antihydrogen atoms allows them to be studied using
lasers or other radiation sources
Image source- https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Feducation-today%2Fgk-current-affairs%2Fstory%2Fwhere-is-all-the-antimatter-scientists-create-antihydrogen-
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• Try to create antiatoms.

• Starts with Hydrogen (simplest atom).

• Antiproton + positron= anti-hydrogen.

• Creating anti-hydrogen depends on bringing together the two component

antiparticles, antiprotons and positrons, in a trapping device for charged
particles Since antihydrogen atoms don’t have an electric charge, the electric
field can no longer hold them in place. So instead, two superconducting
magnets generate a strong magnetic field that takes advantage of the
antihydrogen’s magnetic properties.
• In June 2011, ALPHA reported that it had succeeded in trapping antimatter
atoms for over 16 minutes: long enough to begin to study their properties in
detail. This should give the physicists time to take measurements and to find
more answers to the antimatter mystery.

But we have still many questions … Like

What is effect of gravity on antimatter, whether it will feel downward force or not ?

It has not been demonstrated experimentally that antimatter behaves as matter under
gravity.
But scientists in CERN are working on it & the name of the experiment is ALPHA-g.
One of the beauties of antimatter is its efficiency. Annihilation of antimatter and matter
converts 100 percent of the mass into energy. No wonder tiny amounts of antimatter can have
such powerful effects.

Fuel…
Because antimatter can make so much energy, it can be used for a lot
of things.
Medical…

It does have a use in medicine,

because a special kind of
scanner called the PET, which
stands for positron emission
tomography, uses positrons to
go into the human body.

positron emission tomography (PET)

Image source
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Fmustafaalbayati923%2Fpositron-emissions-tomography-pet-
scan&psig=AOvVaw35bu88g8xQoe5tgTm7KCP5&ust=1618673069217000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCLi-0u--
g_ACFQAAAAAdAAAAABA_
 Disadvantage

Cost …
To produce 10 milligram of positrons, will cost $25*10^7 (equivalent to $25 billion per
gram)

As one researcher of the CERN laboratories, said

“ If we could assemble all of the antimatter we've ever

made at CERN and annihilate it with matter, we would
have enough energy to light a single electric light bulb for
a few minutes. “
 Conclusion

• That antimatter has the same properties of the matter

except electric charge.
• When matter meet with antimatter they immediately
annihilate each other, and produce a huge energy.
• Antimatter has a useful uses which can we use them in the
future.
 RESOURSES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter
http://home.web.cern.ch/about/experiments/alpha

http://home.web.cern.ch/about/updates/2014/01/antimatter-experiment-
produces-first-beam-antihydrogen

http://www.newscientist.com/special/antimatter-mysteries
Thank you
for your
attention
Any question
?