COBALAMIN

BIOTIN
FOLIC ACID
PYRIDOXINE
Group B
Usman Shahid
Aziz Fatima
Shaista Ijaz
Junaid Ashraf
BIOTIN
 It is also called vitamin B7
 Biotin is a hetrocyclic sulphur containing
monocarboxylic acid
 It consist of two fused rings

 One imidazole and the other thiophene

 It is chemicaly hexahydro-2-oxo-1-thieno-3,4-imidazole-
4-valeric acid
 It is present in both free and bound forms

 Biocytin , Desthibiotin and Oxybiotin are its bound

forms
 It is synthesizes in bacteria, yeast and plants
STRUCTURE OF BIOTIN

Hexahydro-2-oxo-1thieno-3,4-imidazol-4-valeric acid
ABSORPTION AND STORAGE
 Absorbed in GIT
 It is stored to a limited extent in liver and kidneys

 Excreted in urine, faeces and milk

DAILY REQUIREMENT
 In adults 25 to 50 µg daily
 In infants 10 to 15 µg daily

 In children 20 to 40 µg daily

 Its requirement increases in pregnancy and lactation and

oral antibiotic therapy for prolonged periods
DIETARY SOURCES
 Present in liver , kidney , milk and milk products and
egg yolk
 In grains , vegetables and legumes

 In molasses and royal jelly

BIOLOGICAL FUCNTIONS
 Help the body to convert food into fuel
 Metabolize fats and proteins

 Important for healthy hair , skin , nails , livers and eyes

 Important for proper functioning of brain

DEFICEINCY
 Its deficiency causes
 Dermatitis

 Alopecia

 Leiner’s disease
COBALAMIN
 Known as vitamin B12
 Also known as anti-pernicious anemia vitamin

 It is only synthesized in micro-organisms

STRUCTURE OF COBALAMIN
 4 corrin ring with central cobalt atom
 2 pyrrol rings bounded directly and 2 other through
methene bridges
 Methyl, Aetamide and Propionamide are substituted on
pyrrol ring
 Cobalt bounded with 4 pyrrol nitrogen as well as
dimethylbenzimidazole containing ribose 5 phosphate
and amino-isopropanol and nitrogen of DBM bind with
cobalt
 Amide group of aminoisopropanol binds with D ring of
corrin
STRUCTURE …..
 Cobalt contain 6 substituent groups above the plane of
corrin ring
 Subtituted groups may be

 Cyanide

 Hydroxy

 Nitrite

 Two co-enzymes of B12 are

 5 Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin

 Methyl cobalamin
ABSORPTION ,TRANSPORT AND
STORAGE
 It is absorbed from ileum
 It is transported in blood in association with specific
proteins named Transcobalamin I and Transcobalamin II
 It is stored in liver
RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCE
 For adults 3 µg / day
 For children 0.5-1.5 µg / day

 In pregnancy and lactation it is increased about 4µg per

day
 Its dietary sources are curd , milk , liver , kidney , fish
BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
DEFICIENCY
 Its deficiency causes
 Pernicious anemia

 Neuronal degenration

 Macrocytic anemia

 Inflamation of mouth and tongue etc

FOLIC ACID
 The name is applied to a number of compounds
containing a petridine nucleus ( pyramidine and pyrazine
rings ) , para-aminobenzoic acid and glutamic acid
 Its also called as pteroyl glutamic acid

 It is also known as vitamin M

 Its active form is folinic acid which is a formyl

derivative of folic acid . It is reduced tetrahydrofolate
with formyl group
DAILY REQUIREMENT
 Adults 400 to 500 µg daily
 Infants 50 µg daily

 Children 100 to 300 µg daily

 Requirement increases in pregnancy n lactation

 Pregnant women 800 µg daily

 Lactating women 600 µg daily

BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
CLINICAL ASPECTS
 Deficiency causes anemia
 Excess causes irreversible nerve damage

 Excess can also cause crystalization in kidney tubules

causing renal damage
PYRIDOXINE
 Called as vitamin B6
 It is collective term for pyridoxine , pyridoxal and
pyridoxamine.
 It is also called as adermin which is chemicaly 2-methyl-
3-OH-4,5-di( hydroxymethyl pyridine )
 Synthesized in bacteria flora in small intestine

 Present in yeast , rice , cerials , egg yolk , liver , fish ,

kidney and milk and in royal jelly
 It is the only water soluble vitamin which is toxic
2-methyl-3-OH-4,5 dihydroxy methyl pyridine
REQUIREMENT
 Adults 2mg per day
 Infants 0.3 to 0.4 mg per day

 Toxicity occures when intake is above 200 mg per day

which is more than 100 % the RDA
 Used to treat nausea and vomitting during pregnancy

 High level cause toxicity like neurologic symptoms

 Also used to cure radiation sickness and hyperoxaluria

BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
DEFFICIENCY