GENDER

DISCRIMINATIO
N
&
INEQUALITIES
GROUP 3
MACHISMO
VS.
MARIANISMO
MACHISMO:
• Encompasses positive and negative
aspects of masculinity including:
o Bravery o Sexual Prowess
o Honor o Reserved
o Aggression Emotions
o Sexism o Among others
 Machismo comes
from the assertion of
male dominance in
everyday life.
 In traditional
Machismo culture,
women are seen as
homemakers.
HOW MACHISMO
IMPACTS MENTAL
HEALTH?
Machismo has been found to be related
to increased levels of depression and
stress among men. With restrictive
emotionality acting as a key
characteristic of Machismo, men are not
taught that their emotions are real,
valid, or worthy of being expressed.
MARIANISMO:
• The counterpart to machismo is
marianismo, which is a set of values
and expectations concerning
female gender roles. Marianismo
emphasizes the role of women as
family- and home-centered; it
encourages passivity, self-sacrifice,
and chastity. (Gil & Velasquez, 1996;
Niemann, 2004).
• Historically, marianismo is
rooted in Christian Values
brought to Latin America during
colonization, which defined as
nurturing figures and spiritual
pillars of the family; it is a
construction of the expected
female gender roles based on the
Virgin Mary.
• While the concept of
marianismo has been criticized
for perpetuating gender
inequality and limiting women’s
autonomy, it continues to
influence cultural norms and
values in many Latin American
societies.
MACHISMO
&
MARIANISMO
DIFFERENCES
 MACHISMO
is a social construct that is also an ideology that deems
promotes exaggerated women as inferior to men and
masculinity, or the traits that promotes the denial of women
are often attributed to participating in work or life
masculinity, such as styles that are associated with
dominance and aggression. power or independency.
 MARIANISMO
a twisted perception of the female also promotes the idea that
gender as a one-dimensional being women are spiritually
with specific characteristics often
attributed to feminity, such as self-
superior to men and should
sacrifice, sexual purity, taking care therefore be a pillar of
of others, morality, subordination, spiritual strength within the
and self-silencing. family.
HOW DOES IT AFFECT
PEOPLE THROUGH
VARIOUS
DEVELOPMENTAL
PROCESSES?
 From the early stages of development,
when their parents or caregivers teach a
child different behaviors and beliefs, a child
can be affected by machismo and
marianismo, both from learned behaviors
(seeing how the member of their family
interact) and from directly being taught these
ideologies. We often see this happen in our
community when a baby is told, “ don’t cry,
boys don’t dry.” or when a girl is told, “don’t
be loud, “be a lady.”
MISOGYNY
VS.
MISANDRY
WHAT IS MISOGYNY?
• Refers specially to a hatred of,
contempt for or prejudice against
women or girls.
• The word misogyny is formed from
the Greek root misein “to hate” and
gynē “woman”.
MISOGYNIST
• Is a person who hates or
discriminates against
women.
 EXAMPLES OF MISOGYNY:
• You judge women’s sexual behaviour
differently from men’s sexual behaviour.
• You’re disgusted at seeing women’s body
hair.
• You believe women are too emotional to be
good leaders, are not good at science/sports
or a woman’s main purpose is to be a
mother.
• Violence against women.
WHAT IS MISANDRY?
• refers to a hatred or
strong dislike of all men.
• Mis “hatred” Andry
“men”.
MISANDRIST
• Is a person who hates or
discriminates against
men.
EXAMPLES OF MISANDRY:
• Degrading men.
• Sexual Violence where the
victim is man.
 REASONS WHY
INDIVIDUALS BECOME
MISOGYNIST
&
MISADRIST
• Both misogyny and misandry
suggest a deep-seated mistrust or
prejudice towards the opposite
sex. Sometimes a person’s
misandry or misogyny can be
traced back to early childhood
experienced or SEXUAL
TRAUMA.
A woman who was raised in a male-
dominated household with an abusive
father and passive mother. For example,
could develop a very negative impression
of men over time.
This form of misandry could be
reinforced by a pattern of
abusive relationship or
employment under a controlling
male boss.
A misandrist often develops an
irritational hatred or prejudice
towards all men because of
these oppressive life
experiences at the hands of
abusive or controlling men.
The key difference between these two
biases is that women have been oppressed
by systems of misogyny for centuries
while misandry stems from the resulting
fear and resentment of woman towards
their oppressor. Misogyny fostered a long
history of restrictions on women’s
fundamental rights, while men have
never faced this type of oppression,
despite the existence of misandry.
GENDER
INEQUALITY:
o HOME
o SCHOOL
o PEER GROUPS
GENDER INEQUALITY:
• Social phenomenon in which people
are not treated equally on the basis of
gender.
• Common act of civil rights that takes
on multiple forms including sexual
embarrassment.
 GENDER
INEQUALITY
IN

HOME
 WHY GENDER
INEQUALITY
STARTS AT HOME?
o Home is where the heart is. But
It’s also the first place where
children are socialized into
gender norms, values and
stereotypes.
 EXAMPLES:
• Men/Husband have more power
than women/wives as manifest in
division of household labor.
• Family decision-making
• Domestic Violence
• Assigning household chores
• Treating boys and girls differently
 HOW GENDER
EQUALITY START
AT HOME?
• Talk about it.
• Share the care work.
• Embrace diverse role models.
• Empower your kids to speak out.
• Fight stereotypes, including your own.
• Stop the body shame.
• Listen and learn from them
 GENDER
INEQUALITY
IN
SCHOOL
• Gender inequality refers to the
“existence of unequal
opportunities and rewards in
society especially in education
and this difference is created
on the basis of gender.
 GENDER
INEQUALITY
IN
EDUCATION
In other words, it is a social
process in which individuals
(men & woman) are treated
differently and
disadvantageously for
education under similar
situations on the basis of
gender.
 EXAMPLES:
• In a family, girls are not allowed to study.
• But boys can go outside the city and study
as per their need.
• Boys are often praised more than girls.
• Bullying
This is a kind of inequality that is being
followed in the case of education in
families.
Girls were provided with less
participation opportunities as
compared to their male
counterparts and hence, it led
to acceptance of gender
inequality.
 SOLUTIONS:
AVOID
ENCOURAGE
GENDER
EMOTIONS STEREOTYPES

TEACH EQUAL
OPPORTUNITIE
S
 GENDER
INEQUALITY
IN
PEER GROUP
• Peer group can consist of all
males, all females, or both males
and females, of approximately
the same age, status and interest.
Peer groups can have great
influence on each other’s gender
role behavior depending on the
amount of pressure applied.
• If a peer group strongly holds to
conventional gender social
norm, members will behave in
ways predicted by their gender
roles, but if there is no
unanimous peer agreement,
gender roles do not correlate
with behavior.
Boys tend to participate in more active and
forceful activities in larger groups, away
from adults, while girls were more likely to
play in a small groups, near adults. These
gender differences are also representative of
many stereotypical gender roles within
these same-gendered groups.
When a children do not conform to
the appropriate gender role, they
may face negative sanctions such as
being criticized or marginalized by
their peers.
GENDER
CRIMES
Gender-based crimes refer to criminal
offenses that are committed against an
individual due to their gender. These crimes
are usually motivated by the perpetrator’s
belief that they have the right to exert
power or control over their victim because
of their gender.
Gender-based crimes can affect
both men and women, but women
are disproportionately affected by
them.
 EXAMPLES OF
GENDER-BASED CRIMES
SEXUAL SEXUAL DOMESTIC
HARASSMENT ASSAULT
STALKING
VIOLENCE

FEMALE GENITAL FORCED

HONOR MUTILATION /
WORKPLACE
KILLINGS CUTTING MARRIAGE HARASSMENT
SEXUAL HARASSMENT:
• unwelcome sexual advances
• requests for sexual favors
• or other verbal or physical conducts of
a sexual nature that creates an
intimidating, hostile, or offensive
environment.
SEXUAL ASSAULT:
• Refers to any type of sexual contact
or behavior that occurs without the
explicit consent of the victim.
• Includes:
-rape
-attempted rape
-other forms of non-consensual
sexual activity.
 DOMESTIC
VIOLENCE:
• Involves any physical, sexual,
or emotional abuse that occurs
within a domestic or intimate
relationship.
STALKING:
• Involves repeated and
unwanted attention or contact
that causes the victim to feel
fearful, harassed, or
intimidated.
HONOR KILLINGS:
• Is the killing of an individual by
family members or other due to
their perceived violation of
cultural or religious norms,
particularly in regards to
women.
FEMALE GENITAL
MUTILATION /
CUTTING:
• Involves the partial or total removal
of the external female genitalia for
non-medical reasons and is
considered a form of violence
against women and girls.
FORCED MARRIAGE:
• Refers to a marriage that is entered
into without the consent of one or
both parties and can result in
physical, sexual, or emotional abuse.
WORKPLACE
HARASSMENT:
• This can include sexual
harassment, discrimination,
or other forms of
mistreatment that occur in
the workplace.
REFERENCES:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5102330/#~:text=M
achismo%20encompasses%20positive%20and%20negative,1997%3
B%20Niemann%2C%202004
).
https://en.m.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Machismo%20encompasses%20Posi
tive%20and%negative,1997%3B%Niemann%2C%202004
).
https://www.verywellmind.com/what-does-the-term-machismo-mean
-6748458#~:text=In%20traditional%20Machismo%20cculture%2C
%20women,take%20care%20of%the%20children
).
https://luzmedia.co/machismo-and-marianismo
https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Sociology/Introduction_t
o_Sociology/Book%3A_Sociology_(Boundless)/04%3A)_The_Role
_of_Socialization/4.6D%3A_Gender_Messages_from_Peers
REFERENCES:
https://9ijkakids.com/6-ways-to-promote-gender-equality-in-your-sc
hool/#:~:text=Avoid%20gender%20stereotypes%3A%20Avoid%20t
eaching,male,%20nurses%20and%20female%20athletes
.
https://www.bednotesatoz.in/2022/09/gender-inequality-in-school-co
ntext.html
https://www.hdfclife.com/insurance-knowledge-centre/child-future-p
lanning/gender-equality-starts-at-home#:~:text=Instead%2C%20equa
lly%20dividing%20the%20house
https://plancanada.ca/stories/why-gender-inequality-starts-at-home#:
~
:text=Boys%20are%20more%20likely%20than,roles%20based%20o
n%20their%20ontheir%20gender
.
QUESTIONS:
1. It consists of all males, all females, or both males and females
of approximately the same age, status and interest.
2. And are intertwines, co-existing constructs
that describe socially acceptable norms and beliefs that support
men and women in traditional gender roles emphasizing a
patriarchal power structure.
3. In traditional Machismo culture, women are seen as .
4. Encompasses positive and negative aspects of
masculinity, including bravery, honor, dominance, aggression,
sexism, sexual prowess, and reserved emotions, among others.
5. Common act of civil rights that takes on multiple forms
including sexual embarrassment.
QUESTIONS:
6. Involves the partial or total removal of the
external female genitalia for non-medical
reasons.
7. Refers specially to a hatred of, contempt for
or prejudice against women or girls.
8. Refer to criminal offenses that are
committed against an individual due to their
gender.
9. Unwelcome sexual advances
10. Refers to a hatred or strong dislike of all
men.
QUESTIONS:
11. Involves repeated and unwanted attention or
contact that causes the victim to feel fearful,
harassed, or intimidated.
12. Is a person who hates or discriminates
against women.
13. The word misogyny is formed from the
Greek root misein “ ” and gynē “ ”.
14. Is a person who hates or discriminates
against men.
15. Mis “ ” Andry “ ”.
QUESTIONS:
16. Is the killing of an individual by family
members or other due to their perceived violation of
cultural or religious norms, particularly in regards
to women.

17. Gender inequality refers to the “existence of

opportunities and rewards in society
especially in education and this difference is created
on the basis of gender.

18-20. Give atleast 3 solutions to avoid gender

inequality in school.
ANSWER’S KEY:
1. Peer Group
2. Machismo, Marianismo
3. Homemakers
4. Machismo
5. Gender Inequality
6. Female Genital Mutilation / Cutting
7. Misogyny
8. Gender-based Crime / Gender Crime
9. Sexual Harassment
10. Misandry
ANSWER’S KEY:
11. Stalking
12. Misogynist
13. To hate, woman
14. Misandrist
15. Hatred, men
16. Honor Killings
17. Unequal
18. Encourage Emotions
19. Avoid Gender Stereotypes
20. Teach Equal Opportunities