Device

Managemen
t
  Device management in an operating system
Device means controlling the Input/Output devices like
disk, microphone, keyboard, printer, magnetic
Management tape, USB ports, camcorder, scanner, other
accessories, and supporting units like
supporting units control channels.
 BASIS FOR SERIAL Device PARALLEL Device
COMPARISON

Meaning Data flows in bi- Multiple lines are

direction, bit by bit used to send data,
i.e. 8 bits or 1 byte at
a time
Cost Economical Expensive

Bits transferred at 1 1 bit 8 bits or 1 byte

clock pulse 
Characteristic
Speed Slow Fast
s of parallel
Applications Used for long- Short distance.
and serial distance E.g., computer to a
devices communication.
E.g., Computer to
printer
computer

Number of Only one N number of

communication communication
channel required channels are needed

Need of converters Required to convert Not required

the signals according
to the need.
Buffering in Operating System

The buffer is an area in the main memory used to store or

hold the data temporarily.

In other words, buffer temporarily stores data transmitted

from one place to another, either between two devices or
an application.

The act of storing data temporarily in the buffer is called

buffering.
Buffering strategies
1. Single Buffer
 In Single Buffering, only one buffer is used to transfer
the data between two devices.
 The producer produces one block of data into the buffer.
After that, the consumer consumes the buffer.
 Only when the buffer is empty, the processor again
produces the data.
2. Double Buffer
 In Double Buffering, two schemes or two buffers are used in
the place of one.
 In this buffering, the producer produces one buffer while the
consumer consumes another buffer simultaneously.
 So, the Consumer not needs to wait for filling the buffer.
Double buffering is also known as buffer swapping.
3. Circular Buffer
 When more than two buffers are used, the buffers' collection
is called a circular buffer.
 Each buffer is being one unit in the circular buffer.
 The data transfer rate will increase using the circular buffer
rather than the double buffering.
Direct Memory Access (DMA) :

DMA Controller is a hardware

device that allows I/O devices to
directly access memory with less
participation of the processor.

DMA controller needs the same

old circuits of an interface to
communicate with the CPU and
Input/Output devices.
DMA controller

The unit communicates with the CPU through data bus and control lines.

Through the use of the address bus and allowing the DMA and RS register
to select inputs, the register within the DMA is chosen by the CPU.

RD and WR are two-way inputs.

When BG (bus grant) input is 0, the CPU can communicate with DMA
registers.

When BG (bus grant) input is 1, the CPU has relinquished the buses and
DMA can communicate directly with the memory.
DMA controller registers

The DMA controller has three registers as follows.

Address register – It contains the address to specify the

desired location in memory.

Word count register – It contains the number of words to

be transferred.

Control register – It specifies the transfer mode.

Recovery in operating system

The recovery process is designed to recover a

server to a previous operating state, in the event
of a hardware or operating system failure. ...

The process will then load a recovery

environment, which you can use to select the
location of the backup to be used, and to start
the recovery.
What causes OS failure?

Virus and Trojan: Common reasons for OS crash.

Viruses and Trojans corrupt the system files, "eat

up" the memory not allowing OS to retrieve it
when a programs stops, changes administrative
settings, frequent rebooting without any sign etc.