F T

E F F E C T
I T A T
I N T E R A C T I O N
Factorial
Designs 1
Within-Subjects
Factorial Designs

…an experi 2 Between-Subjects

mental
design in w Factorial Designs
hich
more than o
ne
independen
t
variable is 3 Mixed Factorial
manipulate Designs
d.
BETWEEN-SUBJECTS
FACTORIAL
DESIGNS
CHAPTER
10
 … a type of factorial
design wherein the subjects
are assigned to different
conditions and each subject
only experiences one of the
experimental conditions.
Example:
Let’s assume a professor in physical education conducts an experiment
to compare on night time sleep of different amounts of exercise and of
the time of day when the exercise is done. There are three levels of
exercise (light, moderate, and heavy) and two times of day (morning and
evening). Thirty-six college students in good physical condition are
randomly assigned to the six cells such that there are six subjects per
cell. The subjects who do heavy exercise jog for 3 miles, the subjects who
do moderate exercise jog for 1 mile, and the subjects in the light exercise
condition jog for only ¼ mile. Morning exercise is done at 7:30 A.M..,
whereas evening exercise is done at 7:00 P.M. Each subject exercises
once, and the number of hours slept that night is recorded.
 Definition of
Concepts

Factor Main Effects

an independent variable the action of a single
in a factorial design independent variable in
an experiment.
Two-factor
Experiment Interaction
the simplest factorial the effect of one independent
design, having two variable changes across the
independent variables. levels of another independent
variable.
 Looking for Main Effects

 Each factor has a main effect.

 The main effects might be or might not be important

enough to be statistically significant.

 We first evaluate the separate impact of each independent

variable in the experiment.
 Looking for ● Interactions are measured
quantitatively to evaluate their
Interactions significance.

NOTE:

n u m ber of ends on
Th e p 
ons de dependent
interaction could be significant even
r ac t i
inte b e r of
in if the main effects are not.
n u m
the e s in th e
a b l  main effects could be significant with
vari e nt. ction fo
r
no significant interactions.
ri m t era
expe ere is one in t variables
Th den
•
o in depen nteractions  there is a significant interaction
tw ri
r-orde two along with one or more significant
• Highe more than
e main effects.
involv at a time
s
factor
 Layi
Facto ng Out a
r i al D
esi g n
 Layi
Facto ng Out a
r i al D
esi g n
Describing the Design

SHORTHAND NOTATION

- a system that uses numbers to

describe the design of a factorial
experiment.
Factor Labeling
Methods
Method 1:
2x2 (Type of Name x Length
of Name) between-subjects
factorial design
Method 2:
2 (Type of Name) x 2 (Length
of Name) between-subjects
factorial design
Method 3:
2x2 (Type of Name: given,
nickname x Length of Name:
short long) between-subjects
factorial design
Method 4:
2 (given name or nickname) x
2 (short or long name)
between-subjects factorial
design
Group Activity:

Formulate a 2x3x2 hypothetical experiment.

Afterwards, diagram the factors and levels of
your experiment using a design matrix.
Label the factors of your hypothetical
experiment using the factor labeling method.
Understanding Effects from Factorial Designs

Pliner and Chaiken conducted an experiment that tested

the following hypothesis: Women will eat less in the
presence of an opposite-sex partner than in the presence
of another of the same sex, but men’s eating behaviour
will not be influenced by their partner’s gender. Pliner
and and Chaiken predicted that two variables – subject
sex and partner sex – would interact in their effects on
eating behaviour.
Understanding Effects from Factorial Designs

th er e are
…
e n ta l data
m
experi not show
o
that d ant main
ic
signif ts and
effec
ra c t ions.
inte
Understanding Effects from Factorial Designs

th e r e are
…
e n ta l data
m
experi t show
tha main
ic a n t
signif but no
effects ions.
ct
intera
Understanding Effects from Factorial Designs

t h er e are
…
e n ta l data
experi
m
g ni fi cant
t s ho w si the
tha n s i n
ctio
intera ce of any
absen nt main
ica
signif cts.
effe
Understanding Effects from Factorial Designs

th e re are
…
n t a l data
me
experi how two
that s nt main
ica
signif s and a
effect ant
n i f ic
sig ion.
r a c t
inte
 Advantages:
● Factorial designs are efficient and
provide more information than
other types of experiment.

● Factorial designs allow the effects

of a factor to be estimated at
several level of other factors.
 Disadvantages:
● Factorial designs require many
subjects.
● Factorial designs can be time-
consuming.
● Factorial designs require more
complicated statistical procedures.
Thank you.
SHORT QUIZ:
A researcher decides to run an experiment to study the effects of two
independent variables on learning. (1) She will vary background noise
by playing or not playing a radio while subjects study a list of words.
(2) She will vary the length of the list to be learned: Half the subjects
will try to learn a short list; half will try to learn a long list in the same
amount of time. The dependent variable is the percentage of words
recalled. Take this hypothetical experiment and do the following:

a. Describe this experiment using shorthand notation for factorial designs.

b. Diagram the experiment using a design matrix.

c. Identify three extraneous variables you think might affect the outcome
of this study.