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Prerequisite Content
Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing
Knowledge:
Prerequisite Skill: Analytical skills to check the understanding of students on the fundamental concepts of hypothesis testing
2. Statement 1: If the test statistic is greater than the critical value, then reject the null hypothesis.
Statement 2: If the critical value is greater than the test statistic, then fail to reject the null hypothesis.
3. Statement 1: The first step in hypothesis testing is determining the level of significance.
Statement 2: The last step in hypothesis testing is formulating the hypothesis.
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
4. Statement 1: A level of significance of 5% means 95% confidence level.
Statement 2: The level of significance can be a negative percentage.
✔ It is denoted by Ho,
✔ It denoted by Ha
A school reports an average grade of 84 among its currently enrolled Senior High School students. Some parents believe that this is an underestimate of the actual average.
H o : The average grade of currently enrolled Senior High School students is equal to 84. H o : μ=84
H a : The average grade of currently enrolled Senior High School students is greater than 84. H a : μ>8 4
Introduction
In this lesson, the students will learn about correlation analysis, its meaning, and when to use it to solve or address a problematic situation. They will also be equipped to
conduct hypothesis testing to determine the relationship between the two variables. They will learn to solve the relationship between the two variables manually, or using a
calculator, or statistical software (Jamovi). They will organize and present the data and interpret the results. Thus, it will enable the students to think critically by formulating
good and valid arguments to make sound decisions/judgments.
The lesson will approximately run for 120 minutes and if the need arises the teacher can be reached through e-mail or using the contact number 09xxxxxxxxx.
Income No of Working Hours (per week) Income No of Working Hours (per week)
12,250 35 12,250 35
17,500 50 17,500 50
19,600 56 19,600 56
7000 20 7000 20
1750 5 1750 5
3500 10 3500 10
5250 15 5250 15
Questions: Questions:
1. What do you observe with the given data? 1. What do you observe with the given data?
2. How could you describe the variables? 2. How could you describe the variables?
3. If you try to plot the data, what could be the behavior of the 3. If you try to plot the data, what could be the behavior of the graph?
graph? 4. What conclusion could you make given the data?
4. What conclusion could you make given the data?
Bivariate data – examines the relationship between two variables.
Bivariate data – examines the relationship between two variables.
Example: Relationship between the performances in Statistics and Probability and
Example: Relationship between the performances in Statistics and General Mathematics of the senior high school
Probability and General Mathematics of the senior high school students
students
Scatter Plot
Scatter Plot
A graph of plotted points that show the relationship between two sets of data.
A graph of plotted points that show the relationship between two sets of
data. It consists of a series of points plotted on a rectangular coordinate plane x-axis
and y-axis
It consists of a series of points plotted on a rectangular coordinate plane
x-axis and y-axis
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient
also called Pearson’s r, in honor of the English mathematician Karl also called Pearson’s r, in honor of the English mathematician Karl Pearson who
Pearson who developed the formula in the 1880s. developed the formula in the 1880s.
a statistical tool that determines the existence, strength, and direction of a statistical tool that determines the existence, strength, and direction of
correlation between two variables. correlation between two variables.
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
STEPS in Solving Pearson Product Correlation: STEPS in Solving Pearson Product Correlation:
b) Solve for the summation of x (∑x) b) Solve for the summation of x (∑x)
c) Solve for the summation of y (∑y) Solve for the summation of x times y (∑xy) c) Solve for the summation of y (∑y) Solve for the summation of x times y (∑xy)
d) Solve for the summation of x times x (∑x2) d) Solve for the summation of x times x (∑x2)
e) Solve for the summation of y times y (∑y2) e) Solve for the summation of y times y (∑y2)
f) Solve for the value of r (use substitution) f) Solve for the value of r (use substitution)
g) Interpret the value of r (refer to the table below) g) Interpret the value of r (refer to the table below)
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
Set Studying time as our y variable, then following the required variables
A. Use Jamovi to generate data needed to conduct hypothesis (such as, xy, x 2 , y 2) as taken from the formula above. We then follow the
testing
following steps:
First, we correlate the variables: Grades and Studying time.
a. Look for n (number of elements/respondents/participants)
Step 1. Input data There are 30 respondents.
b. Solve for the summation of x ¿
❑
∑
❑
x = 85 + 87 + 84 + 90 + 98 + 95 + 96 + 95 + 86 + 88 + 86 + 90 +
94 + 94 + 93 + 84 + 84 + 80 + 82 + 81 + 81 + 82 + 83 + 88 + 90 + 94
+ 90 + 95 + 95 + 88
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
❑
∑
❑
x =2658
c. Solve for the summation of y ¿
❑
∑
❑
y=3+4+2+5+6+5+4+5+2+4+3+5+6+5+5+2+
3+3+2+2+2+2+3+4+5+6+5+7+6+5
❑
∑
❑
y=¿ ¿ 121
❑
d. Solve for the summation of xy (∑ xy ¿ ¿
❑
❑
∑
❑
xy = 255 + 348 + 168 + 450 + 588 + 475 + 384 + 475 + 172 +
352 + 258 + 450 + 564 + 470 + 465 + 168 + 252 + 240 + 164 + 162
Step 2. Label the data with the two variables
+ 162 + 164 + 249 + 352 + 450 + 564 + 450 + 665 + 570 + 440
❑
∑
❑
xy =¿ ¿ 10 926
❑
e. Solve for the summation of x 2 (∑ x ¿ ¿
2
❑
❑
∑
❑
x
2
= 7225 + 7569 + 7056 + 8100 + 9604 + 9025 + 9216 + 9025
+ 7396 + 7744 + 7396 + 8100 + 8836 + 8836 + 8649 + 7056 + 7056
+ 6400 + 6724 + 6561 + 6561 + 6724 + 6889 + 7744 + 8100 + 8836
+ 8100 + 9025 + 9025 + 7744
❑
∑
❑
2
x =¿ ¿ 236322
❑
Solve for the summation of y 2 (∑ y ¿ ¿
2
f.
❑
❑
∑
❑
2
y =¿ ¿9 + 16 + 4 + 25 + 36 + 25 + 16 + 25 + 4 + 16 + 9 + 25 +
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
36 + 25 + 25 + 4 + 9 + 9 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 + 36 + 25 + 49
+ 36 + 25
❑
∑
❑
2
y =¿ ¿ 555
1 85 3 255 7225 9
2 87 4 348 7569 16
3 84 2 168 7056 4
4 90 5 450 8100 25
5 98 6 588 9604 36
6 95 5 475 9025 25
7 96 4 384 9216 16
8 95 5 475 9025 25
9 86 2 172 7396 4
10 88 4 352 7744 16
11 86 3 258 7396 9
12 90 5 450 8100 25
13 94 6 564 8836 36
14 94 5 470 8836 25
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
15 93 5 465 8649 25
16 84 2 168 7056 4
17 84 3 252 7056 9
18 80 3 240 6400 9
19 82 2 164 6724 4
20 81 2 162 6561 4
21 81 2 162 6561 4
22 82 2 164 6724 4
23 83 3 249 6889 9
24 88 4 352 7744 16
25 90 5 450 8100 25
26 94 6 564 8836 36
27 90 5 450 8100 25
28 95 7 665 9025 49
29 95 6 570 9025 36
30 88 5 440 7744 25
❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
∑ x =2658
❑
∑ y=121 ∑ xy =10 926
❑
∑ x =236322
❑
∑ y =555
❑
2
❑
2
0.87 √❑
t c=
❑
0.87 √❑
t c=
❑
(0.87)(5.2915)
t c=
√❑
4.603605
t c=
0.493052
t c =9.3370
0.05
h.5 Decision: Since |9.3370∨¿ ( 28 ) =2.048, reject Ho
2
h.6 Conclusion: The result reveals that there is a significant
degree of relationship between the student’s grades and their
studying time. This means that as the amount of time spent
studying increases the grades would tend to increase as well.
It further implies that the two variables are dependent on one
another.
Secondly, we correlate the variables: Grades and time spent playing online
games
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
Set Time spent playing online games as our y variable, then following the
required variables (such as, xy, x 2 , y 2) as taken from the formula above.
We then follow the following steps:
❑
d. Solve for the summation of xy (∑ xy ¿ ¿
❑
❑
∑
❑
xy = 425 + 522 + 588 + 360 + 98 + 190 + 288 + 190 + 430 + 352
+ 344 + 180 + 188 + 188 + 279 + 420 + 420 + 560 + 492 + 486 +
567 + 492 + 498 + 440 + 180 + 188 + 270 + 380 + 190 + 528
❑
∑
❑
xy =¿ ¿ 10 733
Since the Pearson’s r value is 0.87, hence, we have a Very High Positive
Correlation. ❑
e. Solve for the summation of x 2 (∑ x ¿ ¿
2
❑
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
❑
Step 5. Make a conclusion and interpretation
∑
❑
2
x = 7225 + 7569 + 7056 + 8100 + 9604 + 9025 + 9216 + 9025
+ 7396 + 7744 + 7396 + 8100 + 8836 + 8836 + 8649 + 7056 + 7056
+ 6400 + 6724 + 6561 + 6561 + 6724 + 6889 + 7744 + 8100 + 8836
+ 8100 + 9025 + 9025 + 7744
❑
∑
❑
2
x =¿ ¿ 236322
❑
Solve for the summation of y 2 (∑ y ¿ ¿
2
f.
❑
❑
∑
❑
2
y =¿ ¿25 + 36 + 49 + 16 + 1 + 4 + 9 + 4 + 25 + 16 + 16 + 4 + 4
+ 4 + 9 + 25 + 25 + 49 + 36 + 36 + 49 + 36 + 36 + 25 + 4 + 4 + 9 +
16 + 4 + 36
❑
∑
❑
2
y =¿ ¿ 612
Secondly, we correlate the variables: Grades and time spent playing
online games
10 88 4 352 7744 16
11 86 4 344 7396 16
12 90 2 180 8100 4
13 94 2 188 8836 4
14 94 2 188 8836 4
15 93 3 279 8649 9
16 84 5 420 7056 25
17 84 5 420 7056 25
18 80 7 560 6400 49
19 82 6 492 6724 36
20 81 6 486 6561 36
21 81 7 567 6561 49
22 82 6 492 6724 36
23 83 6 498 6889 36
24 88 5 440 7744 25
25 90 2 180 8100 4
26 94 2 188 8836 4
27 90 3 270 8100 9
28 95 4 380 9025 16
29 95 2 190 9025 4
30 88 6 528 7744 36
❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
∑
❑
x =2658∑ y=124
❑
∑
❑
∑
xy =10733
❑
2
∑ 2
x =236322
❑
y =612
Substitute the variable by its values and solve for the value of r.
( 30 )( 10 733 ) −(2658)(124)
r=
√❑
321 990 −329 592
r=
√❑
− 7 062
r=
√❑
− 7 062
r=
√❑
−7 062
r=
8 584. 4548
r =−0.82
h. Test the degree of the relationship of Student’s Grades and their
Studying Time
h.1 Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis.
Ho = There is no relationship between the student’s grades
and the time they spent playing games.
Ha = There is no significant relationship between the
student’s grades and the time they spent playing
games.
h.2 Test statistics:
Use t-test at 5% level of significance.
h.3 Rejection Criterion
0.05
Reject Ho if |t c|> ( 30 −2 )=2.048
2
h.4 Computation for the Test-Statistics
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
r √❑
t c=
❑
− 0.82 √ ❑
t c=
❑
− 0.82 √ ❑
t c=
Step 4. Interpret the computed value. (Refer it to the given table)
❑
(− 0.82)(5.2915)
t c=
√❑
− 4.33903
t c=
0.57236
t c =−7.5809
0.05
h.5 Decision: Since ¿ −7.5809∨¿ ( 28 ) =2.048, reject Ho
2
❑
k. Solve for the summation of xy (∑ xy ¿ ¿
❑
❑
∑
❑
xy = 255 + 348 + 168 + 450 + 588 + 475 + 384 + 475 +
172 + 352 + 258 + 450 + 564 + 470 + 465 + 168 + 252 +
240 + 164 + 162 + 162 + 164 + 249 + 352 + 450 + 564 +
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
❑
Solve for the summation of x (∑ x ¿ ¿
2 2
l.
❑
❑
∑
❑
2
x = 7225 + 7569 + 7056 + 8100 + 9604 + 9025 + 9216
+ 9025 + 7396 + 7744 + 7396 + 8100 + 8836 + 8836 +
8649 + 7056 + 7056 + 6400 + 6724 + 6561 + 6561 + 6724
+ 6889 + 7744 + 8100 + 8836 + 8100 + 9025 + 9025 +
7744
❑
∑
❑
2
x =¿ ¿ 236322
❑
m. Solve for the summation of y 2 (∑ y ¿ ¿
2
❑
❑
∑
❑
2
y =¿ ¿9 + 16 + 4 + 25 + 36 + 25 + 16 + 25 + 4 + 16 + 9
+ 25 + 36 + 25 + 25 + 4 + 9 + 9 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25
+ 36 + 25 + 49 + 36 + 25
❑
∑
❑
2
y =¿ ¿ 555
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
1 85 3 255 7225 9
2 87 4 348 7569 16
3 84 2 168 7056 4
4 90 5 450 8100 25
5 98 6 588 9604 36
6 95 5 475 9025 25
7 96 4 384 9216 16
8 95 5 475 9025 25
9 86 2 172 7396 4
10 88 4 352 7744 16
11 86 3 258 7396 9
12 90 5 450 8100 25
13 94 6 564 8836 36
14 94 5 470 8836 25
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
15 93 5 465 8649 25
16 84 2 168 7056 4
17 84 3 252 7056 9
18 80 3 240 6400 9
19 82 2 164 6724 4
20 81 2 162 6561 4
21 81 2 162 6561 4
22 82 2 164 6724 4
23 83 3 249 6889 9
24 88 4 352 7744 16
25 90 5 450 8100 25
26 94 6 564 8836 36
27 90 5 450 8100 25
28 95 7 665 9025 49
29 95 6 570 9025 36
30 88 5 440 7744 25
❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
∑ x =2658
❑
∑ y=121 ∑ xy =10 926
❑
∑ x =236322
❑
∑ y =555
❑
2
❑
2
0.87 √ ❑
t c=
❑
0.87 √ ❑
t c=
❑
(0.87)(5.2915)
t c=
√❑
4.603605
t c=
0.493052
t c =9.3370
0.05
h.5 Decision: Since |9.3370∨¿ ( 28 ) =2.048, reject
2
Ho
h.6 Conclusion: The result reveals that there is a
significant degree of relationship between the
student’s grades and their studying time.
❑
d. Solve for the summation of xy (∑ xy ¿ ¿
❑
❑
∑
❑
xy = 425 + 522 + 588 + 360 + 98 + 190 + 288 + 190 +
430 + 352 + 344 + 180 + 188 + 188 + 279 + 420 + 420 +
560 + 492 + 486 + 567 + 492 + 498 + 440 + 180 + 188 +
270 + 380 + 190 + 528
❑
∑
❑
xy =¿ ¿ 10 733
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
❑
e. Solve for the summation of x 2 (∑ x ¿ ¿
2
❑
❑
∑
❑
x
2
= 7225 + 7569 + 7056 + 8100 + 9604 + 9025 + 9216
+ 9025 + 7396 + 7744 + 7396 + 8100 + 8836 + 8836 +
8649 + 7056 + 7056 + 6400 + 6724 + 6561 + 6561 + 6724
+ 6889 + 7744 + 8100 + 8836 + 8100 + 9025 + 9025 +
7744
❑
∑
❑
2
x =¿ ¿ 236322
❑
Solve for the summation of y 2 (∑ y ¿ ¿
2
f.
❑
❑
∑
❑
2
y =¿ ¿25 + 36 + 49 + 16 + 1 + 4 + 9 + 4 + 25 + 16 + 16
+ 4 + 4 + 4 + 9 + 25 + 25 + 49 + 36 + 36 + 49 + 36 + 36 + 25
+ 4 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 4 + 36
❑
∑
❑
2
y =¿ ¿ 612
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
21 81 7 567 6561 49
22 82 6 492 6724 36
23 83 6 498 6889 36
24 88 5 440 7744 25
25 90 2 180 8100 4
26 94 2 188 8836 4
27 90 3 270 8100 9
28 95 4 380 9025 16
29 95 2 190 9025 4
30 88 6 528 7744 36
❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
∑
❑
x =2658 ∑ y=124
❑
∑
❑
∑
xy =10733
❑
2
∑ 2
x =236322
❑
y =612
( 30 )( 10 733 ) −(2658)(124)
r=
√❑
321 990 −329 592
r=
√❑
− 7 062
r=
√❑
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
− 7 062
r=
√❑
−7 062
r=
8 584. 4548
r =−0.82
t c =−7.5809
0.05
h.5 Decision: Since |−7.5809∨¿ ( 28 ) =2.048,
2
reject Ho
h.6 Conclusion: The result reveals that there is a
significant degree of relationship between the
student’s grades and the time they spent playing
games.
Synthesis
In this lesson, the students learned how to explore the association of variables by correlating the given data manually and by using statistical software (Jamovi) following the steps in
hypothesis testing using correlation analysis. Also, the students were equipped to measure the degree of association between the two variables and learned how to analyze and
interpret the results. Thus, developed the students’ critical thinking by formulating good and valid arguments to make sound decisions/judgments.
In this activity, the students can work individually, by pair, or as a group of three members and interpret the result in written form or a video
recording.
Weight (kg) Time spent exercising per Sleeping time per day
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
2. A. Using the hypothetical/dummy data above, conduct a hypothesis test to see if there is a significant relationship between weight and the time spent exercising. Use a 5% level of
significance.
B. Using the hypothetical/dummy data above, conduct a hypothesis test to see if there is a significant relationship between weight and sleeping time. Use a 5% level of significance.
C. State the implications of the results on you.
3. As a student, what real-life situations can you give that use correlation analysis? Give at least two.
4. Provide a hypothetical or empirical data from one of the real-life situations you have identified in number 3 above. And conduct a
hypothesis test if there is a significant relationship between the variables you have identified. Use level of significance of 0.05.
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
For numbers 2a, 2b, 2c & 4, you will organize, present, and interpret the results using the format below. Take screenshots of the results from JAMOVI and
attach them here in your output.
Ho:
Ha:
Test Statistic:
Level of Significance: 5%
Schober, P., Boer, C., & Schwarte, L. A. (2018). Correlation coefficients: appropriate use and interpretation.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the statistical analysis, we have concluded that _________