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Gi i
i P1
i Po P
C d d
Ji D Ji D i i
kT d x d x
forsolution
For an ideal an ideal solution
i o kT ln Ci
Ji into
d D d C
D the derivative
Substitution i termi with only composition varying with x
dx dx
Ji D
d C
i
dx
For diffusion due to a pressure gradient (as in sintering)
J
D d P
C
k T
dx
Preview: In steel, strength goes up but toughness goes down with C.
Design application: Carburization of a transmission gear.
Attributes needed?
How to do it.
Attributes needed?
How to do it.
“Carburizing”
C
Eventually Cu, Ni
x
Mass transport, or Flux
Qd
ln D ln( Do )
RT
Qd 1
ln D ln( Do )
R T
y = m x + b
Nonsteady-State Diffusion
• Most practical diffusion situations are nonsteady-state.
That is, the concentration gradient = f(time), i.e. dC/dx
changes.
Gas
Define
x
( x t)
2 D t
7 8 7
x 10 9.9 10 10
0
C x 10 s 2 1022
C x 10 s
1
d d D d d d C d
C
d dx d d x C x 10 s1 10
d dt 2 22
2 0
d
2 C
d
C
0
2 x
d d
2
21 18 m
10 7 D 10
Ci x 10 m s
3
m
Ci ( x m) 2
C( x t) exp x
2 D t 4 D t
8 6
x 0 10 10
22
1 10
Semiconductor 1
C x 10 s
C x 10 s5 1021
2
C x 10 s
3
0
8
0 5 10
x
We can add up the Ci
2
solutions from thin films C1( x t)
2
x m 10 8 m
exp
x
displaced throughout the 2 D t 4 D t
volume
Ci
2 Ci
4 x m ( 10) 8 3 m 2
x m ( 10) 8 2 m
C3( x t) exp x 3
2 D t 4 D t C2( x t) exp x
2 D t 4 D t
21
22 3 10
1 10
1
C x 10 s 2
C x 10 s
21
1 2 2 10
C1 x 10 s
C1 x 10 s
C2 x 10 s
21
5 10 2
1
C2 x 10 s 21
1 10
C3 x 10 s
1 2
C3 x 10 s
0
0 0
0
x
x
x
C( x t) C surface C initial C surface erf
2 D t
1
0.995
erf ( ) 0
0.995 1
2 0 2
2 2
2 COCO2 +C(Fe)
2at% C at surface
0.2at% initially in low carbon steel
C( x t ) C surface
erf
x D=10^(-12) m^2/s
C initial C surface 2 D t
What is the time required to get 1at%
C( x t ) Csurface x at 10^-4 m?
erf
Cinitial Csurface 2 D t