Stoichiometry

John C.
Kotz
Paul M. Treichel
John Townsend
http://academic.cengage.com/kotz
Chapter 4
Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry
John C. Kotz • State University of New York, College at Oneonta

2
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3
STOICHIOMETRY
- the study of the
quantitative
aspects of
chemical
reactions.

4
STOICHIOMETRY
It rests on the principle of the conservation of matter.
2 Al(s) + 3 Br2(liq) f Al2Br6(s)

5
PROBLEM: If 454 g of NH4NO3 decomposes, how

much N2O and H2O are formed? What is the
theoretical yield of products?
STEP 1
Write the balanced
chemical equation
NH4NO3(s) f
N2O(g) + 2 H2O(g)

6
454 g of NH4NO3 f N2O + 2 H2O
STEP 2 Convert mass of reactant

(454 g) to amount (mol)
 1 mol 
454 g   = 5.67 mol NH4NO3
 80.04 g 
STEP 3 Convert amount of reactant

(5.68 mol) to amount (mol) of product.

7

STEP 3 Convert moles reactant f moles
product
Relate moles NH4NO3 to moles product
expected.
1 mol NH4NO3 f 2 mol H2O
Express this relation as the
STOICHIOMETRIC FACTOR
2 mol H2O produced
1 mol NH4NO3 used
8
STEP 3 Convert moles reactant (5.67 mol) to

amount (mol) of product
 2 mol H2O produced 
5.67 mol NH4NO3  1 mol NH NO used 
 4 3 
= 11.3 mol H2O produced

9

STEP 4 Convert amount of product (11.4
mol) to mass of product
Called the THEORETICAL YIELD
 18.02 g 
11.3 mol H2O   = 204 g H2O
 1 mol 
ALWAYS FOLLOW THESE STEPS IN

SOLVING STOICHIOMETRY PROBLEMS!

10
GENERAL PLAN FOR
STOICHIOMETRY
CALCULATIONS
Mass Mass
reactant product
Stoichiometric
Moles factor Moles
reactant product

11
STEP 5 What mass of N2O is formed?

Total mass of reactants =
total mass of products
454 g NH4NO3 = ___ g N2O + 204 g H2O
mass of N2O = 250. g

12
Amounts Table (from page 159)
• Compound NH4NO3 N2O H2O

• Initial (g)
• Initial (mol)
• Change (mol)
• Final (mol)
• Final (g)

13

Amounts Table (from page 159)
• Compound NH4NO3 N2O H2O

• Initial (g) 454 g 0 0
• Initial (mol) 5.67 mol 0 0
• Change (mol) -5.67 +5.67 +2(5.67)
• Final (mol) 0 5.67 11.3
• Final (g) 0 250 204
Note that matter is conserved!
14
STEP 6 Calculate the percent yield

If you isolated only 131 g of N2O, what is
the percent yield?
This compares the theoretical (250. g)
and actual (131 g) yields.

15
STEP 6 Calculate the percent yield
actual yield
% yield = x 100%
theoretical yield
 131 g 
% yield =   x 100% = 52.4%
 250. g 

16
PROBLEM: Using 5.00 g of H2O2, what

mass of O2 and of H2O can be obtained?
2 H2O2(liq) f 2 H2O(g) + O2(g)

Reaction is catalyzed by MnO2
Step 1: amount (mol) of H2O2
Step 2: use STOICHIOMETRIC FACTOR
to calculate amount (mol) of O2
Step 3: mass of O2
17
Reactions Involving a
LIMITING REACTANT
• In a given reaction, there is not enough
of one reagent to use up the other
reagent completely.
• The reagent in short supply LIMITS the
quantity of product that can be formed.

18
LIMITING REACTANTS
Reactants Products
2 NO(g) + O2(g) f 2 NO2(g)
Limiting reactant = ___________
Excess reactant = ____________

19
LIMITING REACTANTS
PLAY MOVIE
See demonstration of limiting reactants in Chemistry Now

20
LIMITING REACTANTS
React solid Zn with 0.100
mol HCl (aq)
Zn + 2 HCl f ZnCl2 + H2
PLAY MOVIE
1 2 3
Rxn 1: Balloon inflates fully, some Zn left
* More than enough Zn to use up the 0.100 mol HCl
Rxn 2: Balloon inflates fully, no Zn left
* Right amount of each (HCl and Zn)
Rxn 3: Balloon does not inflate fully, no Zn left.
* Not enough Zn to use up 0.100 mol HCl
21
LIMITING REACTANTS
React solid Zn with 0.100 mol
HCl (aq)
Zn + 2 HCl f ZnCl2 + H2
0.10 mol HCl [1 mol Zn/2 mol HCl]
= 0.050 mol Zn
Rxn 1 Rxn 2 Rxn 3

mass Zn (g) 7.00 3.27 1.31
mol Zn 0.107 0.050 0.020
mol HCl 0.100 0.100 0.100
mol HCl/mol Zn 0.93/1 2.00/1 5.00/1
Lim Reactant LR = HCl no LR LR = Zn
22
Reaction to be Studied
2 Al(s) + 3 Cl2(g) f Al2Cl6(s)

23
PROBLEM: Mix 5.40 g of Al with 8.10 g of

Cl2. What mass of Al2Cl6 can form?
Mass Mass
reactant product
Stoichiometric
Moles factor Moles
reactant product

24
Step 1 of LR problem:
compare actual mole ratio
of reactants to
theoretical mole ratio.

25
Step 1 of LR problem:
compare actual mole ratio of
reactants to theoretical
mole ratio.
Reactants must be in the mole ratio
mol Cl2 3
=
mol Al 2
Deciding on the Limiting
26
Reactant
mol Cl2 3
If >
mol Al 2
There is not enough Al to use up all the Cl2
Limiting reagent = Al
Deciding on the Limiting
27
Reactant
mol Cl2 3
If <
mol Al 2
There is not enough Cl2 to use up all the Al
Limiting reagent = Cl2

28
Step 2 of LR problem: Calculate

moles of each reactant
We have 5.40 g of Al and 8.10 g of Cl2
 1 mol 
5.40 g Al   = 0.200 mol Al
 27.0 g 
 1 mol 
8.10 g Cl2   = 0.114 mol Cl2
 70.9 g 

29
Find mole ratio of reactants

mol Cl2 0.114 mol

= = 0.57
mol Al 0.200 mol
Ratio should be 3/2 or 1.5/1 if reactants

are present in the exact stoichiometric
ratio.
Limiting reactant is Cl2

30
Mix 5.40 g of Al with 8.10 g of Cl2. What
mass of Al2Cl6 can form?
Limiting reactant = Cl2
Base all calcs. on Cl2
mass mass
Cl2 Al2Cl6
1 mol Al2Cl6
2 mol Cl2
moles moles
Cl2 Al2Cl6

31
CALCULATIONS: calculate mass
of Al2Cl6 expected.
Step 1: Calculate moles of Al2Cl6 expected
based on LR.
 1 mol Al2Cl6 
0.114 mol Cl2  3 mol Cl  = 0.0380 mol Al2Cl6
 2 
Step 2: Calculate mass of Al2Cl6 expected

based on LR.
 266.4 g Al2Cl6 
0.0380 mol Al2Cl6   = 10.1 g Al2Cl6
 mol 

32
How much of which reactant will

remain when reaction is complete?
• Cl2 was the limiting reactant.

Therefore, Al was present in
excess. But how much?
• First find how much Al was required.
• Then find how much Al is in excess.

33
Calculating Excess Al
2 Al + 3 Cl2 products
0.200 mol 0.114 mol = LR

 2 mol Al 
0.114 mol Cl2  3 mol Cl  = 0.0760 mol Al req'd
 2
Excess Al = Al available - Al required

= 0.200 mol - 0.0760 mol
= 0.124 mol Al in excess

34
Chemical Analysis
See Active Figure 4.6

35
Chemical Analysis
• An impure sample of the mineral thenardite
contains Na2SO4.
• Mass of mineral sample = 0.123 g
• The Na2SO4 in the sample is converted to
insoluble BaSO4.
• The mass of BaSO4 is 0.177 g
• What is the mass percent of Na2SO4 in the
mineral?

36
Chemical Analysis
• Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq)
f 2 NaCl(aq) + BaSO4(s)
• 0.177 g BaSO4 (1 mol/233.4 g)
= 7.58 x 10-4 mol BaSO4
• 7.58 x 10-4 mol BaSO4 (1 mol Na2SO4/1 mol BaSO4)
= 7.58 x 10-4 mol Na2SO4
• 7.58 x 10-4 mol Na2SO4 (142.0 g/1 mol)
= 0.108 g Na2SO4
• (0.108 g Na2SO4/0.123 g sample)100%
= 87.6% Na2SO4
37
Determining the Formula of a

Hydrocarbon by Combustion
PLAY MOVIE

38
Using Stoichiometry to
Determine a Formula
Burn 0.115 g of a hydrocarbon, CxHy, and
produce 0.379 g of CO2 and 0.1035 g of
H2O.
CxHy + some oxygen f 0.379 g
CO2 + 0.1035 g H2O
What is the empirical formula of CxHy?
39
Determine a Formula
CO2 + 0.1035 g H2O
First, recognize that all C in CO2 and all H

in H2O is from CxHy.
+O2 0.379 g CO2
1 CO2 molecule forms for
Puddle of CxHy
each C atom in CxHy
0.115 g +O2
0.1035 g H2O
1 H2O molecule forms for
each 2 H atoms in CxHy
40
Determine a Formula
CO2 + 0.1035 g H2O
First, recognize that all C in CO2 and all H in H2O is
from CxHy.
1. Calculate amount of C in CO2
8.61 x 10-3 mol CO2 f 8.61 x 10-3 mol C
2. Calculate amount of H in H2O
5.744 x 10-3 mol H2O f 1.149 x 10-2 mol H

41
Determine a Formula
CO2 + 0.1035 g H2O
Now find ratio of mol H/mol C to find values of x and y
in CxHy.
1.149 x 10 -2 mol H/ 8.61 x 10-3 mol C
= 1.33 mol H / 1.00 mol C
Multiply by 3 to get whole number coefficients.
Therefore, we have 4 mol H / 3 mol C
Empirical formula = C3H4
42
Quantitative Aspects
of
Reactions in Solution
Sections 4.5-4.7
PLAY MOVIE
43
Terminology
In solution we need to define the
• SOLVENT
the component whose
physical state is
preserved when
solution forms
• SOLUTE
the other solution component

44
Concentration of Solute
The amount of solute in a solution is
given by its concentration.
moles solute
Molarity(M) =
liters of solution
Concentration (M) = [ …]

45
1.00 L of water
was used to
make 1.00 L of
solution. Notice
the water left
over. CCR, page 174

46
Preparing a Solution

47
PROBLEM: Dissolve 5.00 g of NiCl2•6 H2O
in enough water to make 250. mL of
solution. Calculate molarity.
Step 1: Calculate moles of

NiCl2• 6H2O
 1 mol 
5.00 g   = 0.0210 mol
 237.7 g 
Step 2: Calculate molarity

0.0210 mol
= 0.0841 M
0.250 L
[NiCl2·6 H2O] = 0.0841 M

PLAY MOVIE
48
The Nature of a CuCl2 Solution:
Ion Concentrations
CuCl2(aq) f
Cu2+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq)
If [CuCl2] = 0.30 M, then
[Cu2+] = 0.30 M
[Cl-] = 2 x 0.30 M

49
USING MOLARITY
What mass of oxalic acid, H2C2O4, is
required to make 250. mL of a
0.0500 M solution?
Because
Conc (M) = moles/volume = mol/V
this means that
moles = M•V

50
USING MOLARITY
What mass of oxalic acid, H2C2O4, is
required to make 250. mL of a 0.0500 M
solution?
moles = M•V
Step 1: Calculate amount (mol) of acid
required.
(0.0500 mol/L)(0.250 L) = 0.0125 mol
Step 2: Calculate mass of acid required.
(0.0125 mol )(90.00 g/mol) = 1.13 g
51
Preparing Solutions
• Weigh out a solid
solute and dissolve in
a given quantity of
solvent.
• Dilute a concentrated
solution to give one
that is less
concentrated.

52
Preparing a Solution by
Dilution
See Figure 4.10

53
PROBLEM: You have 50.0 mL of
3.0 M NaOH and you want 0.50
M NaOH. What do you do?
Add water to the 3.0 M solution to
lower its concentration to 0.50 M
Dilute the solution!

54
PROBLEM: You have 50.0 mL of 3.0
M NaOH and you want 0.50 M
NaOH. What do you do?
But how much water

H2 O
do we add?
3.0 M NaOH 0.50 M NaOH

Concentrated Dilute
55
PROBLEM: You have 50.0 mL of 3.0
M NaOH and you want 0.50 M
NaOH. What do you do?
How much water is added?

The important point is that
moles of NaOH in ORIGINAL solution =
moles of NaOH in FINAL solution

56
PROBLEM: You have 50.0 mL of 3.0 M NaOH
and you want 0.50 M NaOH. What do you do?
Amount of NaOH in original solution =
M•V =
(3.0 mol/L)(0.050 L) = 0.15 mol NaOH
Amount of NaOH in final solution must also =
0.15 mol NaOH
Volume of final solution =
(0.15 mol NaOH)(1 L/0.50 mol) = 0.30 L
or 300 mL

57
PROBLEM: You have 50.0 mL of 3.0 M
NaOH and you want 0.50 M NaOH. What
do you do?
Conclusion:
H2 O
add 250 mL of
water to 50.0
mL of 3.0 M
NaOH to
make 300
3.0 M NaOH 0.50 M NaOH mL of 0.50
Concentrated Dilute
M NaOH.
58
Preparing Solutions by
Dilution
A shortcut
Cinitial • Vinitial = Cfinal • Vfinal

pH, a Concentration Scale
59
pH: a way to express acidity

-- the concentration of H3O+ in solution.
Low pH: high [H3O+] High pH: low [H3O+]

Acidic solution pH < 7
Neutral pH = 7
Basic solution pH > 7
60
The pH Scale
pH = log (1/ [H3O+])
= - log [H3O+]
In a neutral solution,
[H3O+] = [OH-] = 1.00 x 10-7 M at 25 oC
pH = - log [H3O+] = -log (1.00 x 10-7) = -
[0 + (-7)]
= 7.000
See book Appendix A.3 for more on logs
See GO CHEMISTRY module on pH
61
[H3O+] and pH
If the [H3O+] of soda is 1.6 x 10-3 M,
the pH is ____
Because pH = - log [H3O+]
then
pH= - log (1.6 x 10-3)
pH = -{log (1.6) + log (10-3)}
pH = -{0.20 - 3.00)
pH = 2.80
62
pH and [H3O+]
If the pH of Coke is 3.12, it is __________.
Because pH = - log [H3O+] then
log [H3O+] = - pH
Take antilog and get
[H3O+] = 10-pH
[H3O+] = 10-3.12 = 7.6 x 10-4
M

63
SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY
Section 4.7
• Zinc reacts with acids to

produce H2 gas.
• Have 10.0 g of Zn
• What volume of 2.50 M
HCl is needed to
convert the Zn
completely?

GENERAL PLAN FOR 64
STOICHIOMETRY CALCULATIONS
Mass Mass
zinc HCl
Stoichiometric
Moles factor Moles
zinc HCl
Volume
HCl
65
Zinc reacts with acids to produce H2 gas. If you
have 10.0 g of Zn, what volume of 2.50 M HCl is
needed to convert the Zn completely?
Step 1: Write the balanced equation

Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) f ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Step 2: Calculate amount of Zn
 1.00 mol Zn 
10.0 g Zn   = 0.153 mol Zn
 65.39 g Zn 
Step 3: Use the stoichiometric factor

66
Zinc reacts with acids to produce H2 gas. If you
have 10.0 g of Zn, what volume of 2.50 M HCl is
needed to convert the Zn completely?
Step 3: Use the stoichiometric factor
 2 mol HCl 
0.153 mol Zn   = 0.306 mol HCl
 1 mol Zn 
Step 4: Calculate volume of HCl req’d
 1.00 L 
0.306 mol HCl   = 0.122 L HCl
 2.50 mol 

67
ACID-BASE REACTIONS
Titrations
H2C2O4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) f
acid base
Na2C2O4(aq) + 2 H2O(liq)
Carry out this reaction using a TITRATION.
Oxalic acid,
H2C2O4

68
Setup for titrating an acid with a base

69
Titration 1. Add solution from the buret.

2. Reagent (base) reacts with
compound (acid) in solution
in the flask.
3. Indicator shows when exact
stoichiometric reaction has
occurred.
4. Net ionic equation
H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq)
f 2 H2O(liq)
5. At equivalence point
PLAY MOVIE
moles H3O+ = moles OH-

70
LAB PROBLEM #1: Standardize a

solution of NaOH — i.e., accurately
determine its concentration.
1.065 g of H2C2O4 (oxalic acid) requires
35.62 mL of NaOH for titration to an
equivalence point. What is the
concentration of the NaOH?

1.065 g of H2C2O4 (oxalic acid) requires 35.62 71
mL of NaOH for titration to an equivalence
point. What is the concentration of the
NaOH?
Step 1: Calculate amount of H2C2O4
 1 mol 
1.065 g   = 0.0118 mol
 90.04 g 
Step 2: Calculate amount of NaOH req’d

 2 mol NaOH 
0.0118 mol acid   = 0.0237 mol NaOH
 1 mol acid 

72
1.065 g of H2C2O4 (oxalic acid) requires 35.62 mL of

NaOH for titration to an equivalence point. What is
the concentration of the NaOH?
Step 1: Calculate amount of H2C2O4
= 0.0118 mol acid
Step 2: Calculate amount of NaOH req’d
= 0.0237 mol NaOH
Step 3: Calculate concentration of NaOH
0.0237 mol NaOH
= 0.664 M
0.03562 L
[NaOH] = 0.664 M
73
LAB PROBLEM #2:

Use standardized NaOH to determine
the amount of an acid in an unknown.
Apples contain malic acid, C4H6O5.
C4H6O5(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) f
Na2C4H4O5(aq) + 2 H2O(liq)
76.80 g of apple requires 34.56 mL of 0.664 M NaOH for
titration. What is weight % of malic acid?

74
76.80 g of apple requires 34.56 mL of 0.664 M
NaOH for titration.
What is weight % of malic acid?
Step 1: Calculate amount of NaOH used.
C • V = (0.664 M)(0.03456 L)
= 0.0229 mol NaOH
Step 2: Calculate amount of acid titrated.
 1 mol acid 
0.0229 mol NaOH 
 2 mol NaOH 
= 0.0115 mol acid

75
NaOH for titration.
= 0.0229 mol NaOH
Step 2: Calculate amount of acid titrated
= 0.0115 mol acid
Step 3: Calculate mass of acid titrated.
 134 g 
0.0115 mol acid   = 1.54 g
 mol 

76
NaOH for titration.
= 0.0229 mol NaOH
Step 2: Calculate amount of acid titrated
= 0.0115 mol acid
Step 3: Calculate mass of acid titrated.
= 1.54 g acid
Step 4: Calculate % malic acid.
1.54 g
x 100% = 2.01%
76.80 g
77
Spectrophotometry

78
An Absorption Spectrophotometer
See Figure 4.16

79
Spectrophotometry
• Amount of light absorbed by a sample depends on path
length and solute concentration.
Different concs of Cu2+ Same concs but

different path lengths
Concentration Path length

80
Spectrophotometry
• BEER-LAMBERT LAW relates amount of light absorbed
and the path length and solute concentration.
A = absorbance l = path length

 = molar absorptivity c = concentration
• There is a linear relation between A and c for

a given path length and compound.
• This means you can find unknown solution
concentration if A is measured.
81
Spectrophotometry
• To use the Beer-Lambert law you must first calibrate the
instrument.
The calibration plot

can be used to find
the unknown conc
of a solution from a
measured A.

Stoichiometry

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John C.

John C. Kotz • State University of New York, College at Oneonta

Important – Read Before Using Slides in Class

© 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage

© 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage

2 Al(s) + 3 Br2(liq) f Al2Br6(s)

© 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage

PROBLEM: If 454 g of NH4NO3 decomposes, how

© 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage

454 g of NH4NO3 f N2O + 2 H2O

STEP 2 Convert mass of reactant

STEP 3 Convert amount of reactant

© 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage

454 g of NH4NO3 f N2O + 2 H2O

454 g of NH4NO3 f N2O + 2 H2O

STEP 3 Convert moles reactant (5.67 mol) to

= 11.3 mol H2O produced

© 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage

454 g of NH4NO3 f N2O + 2 H2O

Called the THEORETICAL YIELD

ALWAYS FOLLOW THESE STEPS IN

© 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage

© 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage

454 g of NH4NO3 f N2O + 2 H2O

STEP 5 What mass of N2O is formed?

© 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage

454 g of NH4NO3 f N2O + 2 H2O

Amounts Table (from page 159)

• Compound NH4NO3 N2O H2O

© 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage

454 g of NH4NO3 f N2O + 2 H2O

• Compound NH4NO3 N2O H2O

454 g of NH4NO3 f N2O + 2 H2O

STEP 6 Calculate the percent yield

© 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage

454 g of NH4NO3 f N2O + 2 H2O

STEP 6 Calculate the percent yield

© 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage

PROBLEM: Using 5.00 g of H2O2, what

2 H2O2(liq) f 2 H2O(g) + O2(g)

© 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage

© 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage

See demonstration of limiting reactants in Chemistry Now

© 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage

Rxn 1 Rxn 2 Rxn 3

© 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage

PROBLEM: Mix 5.40 g of Al with 8.10 g of

© 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage

© 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage

2 Al(s) + 3 Cl2(g) f Al2Cl6(s)

Reactants must be in the mole ratio

There is not enough Al to use up all the Cl2

There is not enough Cl2 to use up all the Al

Limiting reagent = Cl2

Step 2 of LR problem: Calculate

We have 5.40 g of Al and 8.10 g of Cl2

© 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage

Find mole ratio of reactants

mol Cl2 0.114 mol

Ratio should be 3/2 or 1.5/1 if reactants

Limiting reactant is Cl2

© 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage

Step 2: Calculate mass of Al2Cl6 expected