Chemical Reactions

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Chemical Reaction

• A process in which one or more

substances is changed into one or more
new substances.
• In a chemical reaction, the substances
present before the chemical change are
called reactants.
• The substances present after the change
are called products.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd.
3- Replacement reaction
• is a reaction in which one element is substituted for
another element in a compound.
• A + BC → B + AC
• 2 K (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → 2 K Cl (aq) + H2 (g)

4 - A combustion reaction
A combustion reaction is a reaction in which a
substance reacts with oxygen gas, releasing
energy in the form of light and heat.
Combustion reactions must involve O2 as one
reactant
© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Chemical Reactions in Automobiles: Combustion

A combustion reaction  In an automobile engine, hydrocarbons

such as octane (C8H18) from gasoline combine with oxygen from
the air and react to form carbon dioxide and water.
Combustion reactions are a subcategory of oxidation–reduction
reactions, in which electrons are transferred from one substance
to another.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd.
• In chemical reactions, however, the changes
in mass are so minute that they can be
ignored. So we can say mass is neither
created nor destroyed in a chemical
reaction.
• Suppose that we burn 58 g of butane in a lighter. It
will react with 208 g of oxygen to form 176 g of
carbon dioxide and 90 g of water.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 Chemical Equations
.It is a way to represent the chemical reaction
:It shows us
• The chemical symbols of reactants and products
• The physical states of reactants and products– (s), (l), (g), (aq)
• Balanced equation (same number of atoms on each side)

2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (l)

Reactants (starting Products ( materials

materials) formed)
7

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 7

 Balancing Chemical Equations
The number of atoms of each element must be the same on
both sides of the equation.
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O C2H6 + 7/2O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
Reactants Products Reactants Products
2C 1C 4C 4C
6H 2H 12 H 12 H
2O 3O 14 O 14 O

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 8

 Balance the following equations:

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 9

 Mass and mole Relationships in
Chemical Reactions

Stoichiometry
The quantitative study of reactants and products
in a chemical reaction

CH4 + 2 O2  CO2 + 2 H2O

10

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 10

 The Mole Method:
Stoichiometric coefficients in a chemical equation can be
interpreted as the number of moles of each substance.
  N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)  2NH3 (g)

N2 1 mole
6.022 ×1023 molecules

H2 3 mole
3×6.022 ×1023 molecules

NH3 2 mole
2×6.022 ×1023 molecules

11

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 11

 Mole Ratios
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)  2NH3 (g)  

Recall that the coefficient on N2 is 1 but is not explicitly

written in the reaction Coefficients:

N2 = 1
H2 = 3
NH3 = 2

Using the coefficients we can write mole ratios

Definition: mole ratio gives the relative amounts of reactants
and products

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 12

 N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)  2NH3 (g)  

13

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 13

 MOLE to MOLE Stoichiometry
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)  2NH3 (g)  

14

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 14

 Example
Silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4) can be prepared by heating Si in
chlorine gas:
Si (s) + 2Cl2 (g) SiCl4 (l)
In one reaction, 0.507 mole of SiCl4 is produced. How many
moles of molecular chlorine were used in the reaction?
Cl2 SiCl4
2 mol 1 mol
?? 0.507 mol

n of Cl2 used = (0.507 molSiCl4 ×( 2 molCl2 /1

molSiCl4)
15

= 1.01 molCl2
© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 15
 Example
If 85.0 g of CH4 is consumed by a person over a certain period,
what is the mass of CO2 produced?
CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O
Convert 85.0 g to moles:
n (CH4) = wt/Mw = (85.0/16.04) = 5.30 mol(CH4)
CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O
1 mole of CH4 1 mole of CO2
5.30 moles ??
n (CO2) = 5.30 mol(CH4) × (1mol (CO2) /1mol (CH4) ) = 5.30 mol(CO2)
wt (CO2) = n × Mw = 5.30 mol(CO2)× (44.01g (CO2) / 1mol (CO2) )
= 233.2 g = 2.33 × 102 g (CO2)
16

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 16