Chapter 2: Elements of Grammar

part of speech:
• 2.2 Subject and predicate
It is necessary to refer to the smaller unit than a sentence. so., what are these smaller
unites? Part of speech are very important to be studied. There is a primary distinction
between subject and predicate:
John carefully searched the room. full sentence
(subject) (theme)
The girl is now a student at a large university.
His brother grew happier gradually.
It rained steadily all day.
He had given the girl an apple.
They make him the chairman every year.

All the above sentences are unequal in size and dissimilar in content.
Characteristics of the subject:
1- The subject has a close general relation to what is being discussed and The
theme of the sentence is the predicate is being said about the subject that it has
already been introduced in an earlier sentence.
2- subject determines concord. verbs are divided into singular and plural and the
form of the verb depends on whether the subject is singular or plural as in:
the girl is------- .
Or plural as in:
they make -------.
 2.3 operator, auxiliary and prediction
The relation here is more complex
auxiliary operator
meaningful sentences is composed of

subject predicate

auxiliary as operator prediction

He had given the girl an apple .

Most of the sentences have auxiliaries as in simple as: do(do ,did, does), be(is, are, was, were),
and have(have, has, had)
Why do we call the auxiliary as an operator?
Because it can be used to change the indicative into interrogative or negative sentences.
• - He had given the girl an apple. indicative
• He had not given the girl an apple. negative
• Had he given the girl an apple? Interrogative