2.11: Elements Realization types: how do we realize a v.

1- function ( lexical, auxiliary)

2- form (finite, nonfinite)

v. categories
3- meaning (stative, dynamic)

4-complementation ( intensive, extensive)

Verb element is always a verb phrase.
What do we mean by finite & non finite?
• Finite verbs: showing tense, mood, aspect, voice
• Nonfinite verbs: not showing tense, or mood but still capable of indicating
aspect and voice.
we mean by mood is(verb action) (Verbs have three moods
—indicative, imperative, and subjunctive).
statements questions.
requests commands
hypothetical statements
conditional statements
• By Verbal aspect we mean timing of the verb it consists of simple, progressive,
perfect, or perfect progressive.
• Mary wanted (to be a student at a large university.) TO+ infinitive
V. Cs A
Od
• (Carefully searching the room), John found a ring. ING participle
A. V. Od
A.
• (Made the chairman every year), he was very busy. ed form
V. Co A.
A.
• Finite: e.g. He may be growing happier.
• Non finite: as in: 1- to infinitive ,2- ing participle and 3 -ed participle
e.g. :
-To talk like that must be dangerous.
-Having been offended before, he was sensitive.
-Called her early, he will be here.
 How do we realize subject and adverb
1 word (pronoun) as: He
• Subject proper noun as: John
can be complex structure as: phrase, clause
- The girl with long hair is beautiful.
-what I need is a long holiday. finite
-Being a chairman is a huge responsibility. infinite
adverb phrase - John very carefully searched the room.
Adverbs noun phrase - They make him the chairman every year.
Can be prepositional phrase - She studied at a large university.
clause finite - non finite
- He grew happier, when his friend arrived.
- Seeing the large crowd, John stopped his car.
• Verb phrase can be of one word or more than one word, in which case the verb
phrase consists of a head verb preceded by one or more auxiliary verbs as in the
following:
• He had given the girl an apple.
• He may be growing happier.
• He may been challenged rudely.

• The subject of the sentence may be a clause as in:

• That she answered the question correctly pleased him.
• Concerning nouns, a noun phrase may be of a pronoun such as(they) or a proper
noun such as (john). But it may also be a long and complex structure of: a noun as
a head, preceded by other words as an article, an adjective, or another noun, and
followed by a prepositional phrase or by a relative clause but it is rare.
• The new gas stove in the kitchen which I bought last month has a very efficient
oven.