February 8,2018

Topic: Work, Internal energy, Enthalpy

Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Khalid

Presented by:
Ayesha Riaz
Aiman Mehmood
Tayaba Shahid
Eishat-ul-razia
Laraib Samad
Contents:
Work
 Definition
 Formula
 Example
 Work in term of thermodynamics
 Work in isothermal process
 Work in isobaric process
 Work in isochoric process
 Work in adiabatic process
Internal Energy
 Definition
 Types of energies
 A thermodynamic Quantity
 An extensive property
 A state function
Enthalpy
 Definition
 Representation
 State function
 Change in enthalpy
 Conclusion
 Comparison with IE
 Work
Definition:
Work is done when a force acting on a body
displace it in the direction of force.
Work= force x distance
Formula:
W = F ∆x
W=Work
F=Force
∆x=Distance
Example:
We are lifting the block up, it
means we are applying force on
block
And then we move it means that
block has covered some distance
So work is done
Fig.01:Example of Work
 Work in term of thermodynamics:
When we apply pressure on gas enclosed in a closed
system, change in volume take place

In thermodynamics the only

Type of work generally
Consider is work done in
Expansion and compression
of gas. And this is called
Pressure-Volume Work

Fig.02:Pressure-volume Work
 Mathematical Explanation Of Work
As  
W=F ∆x
Multiply and Divide by A
W=F/A. ∆x A
As
P=F/A
dV=A ∆x
Then
W=PdV
  Sign convention for work:
 If the external pressure is slightly more than the pressure
of gas, the gas will contract i.e work will be done by the
Surrounding on the system and work will be positive
W= P ∆V
 If the pressure of gas is more than the external pressure
, the gas will expand. i.e., work will be done by the system
On the surrounding and work will be negative
W=-P ∆V
  Case 1:
Expansion occur
When:

External Pressure

Internal Pressure

Work will be negative Fig.03:Expanion of gas in closed system

Work will be done by the system
  Case 2:

 Contraction occur when:

External Pressure

Internal Pressure

Work will be done on the

System and it will be positive Fig.04:contraction of gas
 Internal Energy
Energy is defined as:
The ability of system or body to do
work.
Forms of energy:
 Kinetic energy
 Potential energy
 Thermal energy
 Chemical energy
 Nuclear energy
 Mechanical energy
 :
Kinetic energy: Due to motion of body.

Fig.05

Potential energy: Due to position of

body.

Fig.06
 :
Thermal energy: Energy due to flow of
heat from hot to cool body.

Fig.07

Chemical energy: Energy stored in

bonds of chemical compounds.

Fig.08
 :
Nuclear energy: Energy released during
a nuclear reaction as a result of fission
or fusion.
Fig.09:Representation of nuclear energy

Mechanical energy: Energy possessed

by an object due to its position or
motion.

Fig.10:Representation of mechanical energy

Internal energy:
In any system, the sum of all types of
energies is called internal energy.

i.e ;

∆E= Ee + En+ Er+ Et+ Ev

Representation:
E or U.
Unit:
Joule.
 Energy is Extensive property:
It depends upon the mass of matter
contained in a system.

 Energy is a State function:

 It depends upon the initial and final state of the system
 ∆E and dE used in state function.
 ∆E ꞊ change
 dE ꞊ small change
 E can be differentiated and dE is said to be exact
differential function.
Energy is a thermodynamic quantity:
It depends upon thermodynamic variables (describes the state
of a system) which are pressure, volume and temperature.
E= f(P, T) = f(V, T) = f(P, V)

Fig.11:At higher temperature Fig.12:At lower temperature

Energy can be determined relatively
 We can only determine the change in State B
E2
internal energy between initial and final
state of a system. ∆E
As,
E1
∆E = E2− E1 State A

Energy can’t be determined absolutely

Because, According to Quantum mechanics:
At absolute temperature 0°C , minimum energy exist
called ‘0 point energy’.

According to Einstein’s equation,

E ꞊ mc2
Internal energy in exothermic and endothermic
reactions

In Exothermic reaction,

∆E ꞊ Ep ‾ Er
So,

∆E ꞊ positive(+ve)

Reaction is spontaneous
or favorable reaction.
Fig.13:Graph of exothermic reaction
In endothermic reaction,

∆E ꞊ Ep ‾ Er
So,
∆E ꞊ negative(-ve)

Reaction is non-spontaneous

Fig.14:Graph showing endothermic reaction

 ENTHALPY
Definition:
Enthalpy is defined as the amount of heat content
used or released in a system at constant pressure.
OR
This is the amount of heat that must be added to
accomplished the desired internal energy change.
OR
Enthalpy is defined as change in internal energy and
volume at constant pressure.
Representation:
It is represented by a symbol H.
Its mathematically expression is
H=U+PV
Where,
H is enthalpy.
U is internal energy.
PV is pressure volume work.
Change in enthalpy at constant pressure represented
as follow
ΔH=ΔU+PΔV
Dependence:
Enthalpy depends on following factors,
 Temperature
 Pressure
 Volume of system
 Internal energy
State function:
All of above factors which effect enthalpy are state
function that’s way enthalpy are also state function.
 Enthalpy change and heat transfer:
We know that enthalpy is:
H=U+PV
Change in enthalpy at constant pressure:
ΔH=ΔU+PΔV
Now consider a process where heat is exchange
with a system that is always mentioned at a
constant pressure.
From 1st law of thermodynamic.
Q=ΔU-W
If the system is capable of performing only PV-work
and a change of volume against a constant pressure
occurs reversibly.
we may write,

Comparison of following equations,

ΔH=ΔU+PΔV

As a result,
ΔH=
Conclusion:
At constant pressure and when the system is capable of
only PV-work, the enthalpy change equal the heat
effect of a reversible process.
ΔH=
ENTHALPY VS INTERNAL
ENERGY:
 Enthalpy is the heat  Internal energy of a
energy that is being system is the sum of
absorbed or evolved potential energy and
during the progression kinetic energy of a
of a chemical reaction at system.
constant pressure.
 It calculated as  It calculated as
H=U+PV U=Q+W
 It is a state function.  It is a state function.
 It depends on  It depends on pressure,
temperature, pressure, volume and
volume and internal temperature.
energy.
 It is an extensive
property.  It is also an extensive
 Enthalpy defined as the property.
relationship between the  Internal energy defined
system and surrounding. as the total energy in a
system.