OPTCT 2022

A Method for Obtaining Modal

Loss in Leaky Fibers using
Beam Propagation

Ajay Kumar and Anurag Sharma

Department of Physics and Optics & Photonics Centre
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016
OPTCT 2022, IIT Delhi, Dec. 26-27, 2022
IIT Delhi
OPTCT 2022
Outline
 Collocation Method for Higher Order Modes in Fibers
Method for wave equation/ Mode solution
Split Step Non-Paraxial Method for Propagation
 Mode in Trench-Assisted FMF
Obtaining the Leaky Mode using Cladding Index Approximation
Propagation Analysis of Mode in Trench-Assisted SMF
Propagation Analysis of and Modes in Trench-Assisted FMF
 Propagation of mode in Taper Trench-Assisted Fibers
Conclusion

IIT Delhi 01/24

OPTCT 2022 Collocation Method for Higher Order Modes in Fibers
The wave equation in cylindrical coordinate is given by

In collocation method total field is the linear combination of orthogonal function, so

{ }
𝑁 1/2 −1 2 2
( 𝑚− 1 ) !
𝛹(𝑟 , 𝑧)= ∑ 𝐶 𝑛 (𝑧)𝜙 𝑛 (𝑟 )
𝛼 𝑟
𝑙
where 𝜙 𝑛 ( 𝑟 ) =√ 2 𝛼
𝑙 𝑙 +1
𝑟 𝑙 𝐿𝑙𝑛−1 (𝛼 2 𝑟 2) 𝑒 2
( 𝑙+𝑚− 1 ) !
𝑛=1
Collocation points are given by j=1,2,…,N
Then at each collocation point is

Now by defining φ=col.[ … ]

D=col.[ … ] where

𝑅=𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔 . [ 𝑘0 𝑛 ( 𝑟 1 , 𝑧 ) 𝑘 0 𝑛 ( 𝑟 2 , 𝑧 ) 𝑘 0 𝑛 ( 𝑟 3 , 𝑧 ) … 𝑘 0 𝑛 ( 𝑟 𝑁 , 𝑧 ) ]
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Then wave equation becomes which is ordinary matrix differential equation, called collocation
equation.

* A. Sharma, “Collocation method for wave propagation through optical waveguiding structure,” Prog. Electromagn. Res. 11, 143-198 (1995).
IIT Delhi 02/24
OPTCT 2022 Split Step Non-Paraxial Method for Propagation
Collocation equation can be re-write like
Ψ
dΦ    O I
 H ( z ) Φ( z ) , where ( z ) = dΨ , H (z) =  
dz   -S
 0 - R(z) O 
 dz 
The operator H(z) can be written as sum of two operators
H1: propagation in a uniform medium, nr
 O I  O O
H1   ,H  H2: effect of index variation of optical structure
 S 0  R 0 O  2  R 0  R ( z ) O 
R0: I where nr is reference index

Using standard symmetrized splitting of operators, the incremental solution is

𝜱(𝒛+ 𝜟 𝒛)=𝒆𝒙𝒑[¿(𝑯 𝟏 +𝑯 𝟐(𝒛)) 𝜟 𝒛] 𝜱(𝒛)=𝑷𝑸(𝒛)𝑷 𝜱(𝒛)+𝑶 [ ( 𝜟 𝒛 ) ] ¿
𝟑

𝑤h𝑒𝑟𝑒
propagation through the uniform medium over half step

propagation through the perturbated medium over full step

* Anurag Sharma, Arti Agrawal, "Split-step non-paraxial beam propagation method," Proc. SPIE 5349, Physics and Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices XII, (18 June 2004)
IIT Delhi 03/24
OPTCT 2022 Propagation Loss Analysis using Propagated Field
For N number of steps
𝜱 (𝒛 + 𝑵 𝜟 𝒛 )=𝑷𝑸 (𝒛 + 𝑵 𝜟 𝒛 ) 𝑷 𝟐 ⋯ ⋯ 𝑷 𝟐 𝑸 (𝒛 +𝟐 𝜟 𝒛 )𝑷 𝟐 𝑸 (𝒛 + 𝜟 𝒛 )𝑷 𝜱 (𝒛)
↔
            Acts  like  a  transfer   matrix   T             
Output field after L length is obtain from the input field, as

∅ ( L)=
( ψ ( L)
ψ ′ ( L)) (
=T
ψ (0)
ψ ′ (0) )
We obtain the propagated field at , from which fractional power in core is calculated as
𝑟

𝑃 ( 𝑧 = 𝐿)
∫ 𝜓 𝐿 𝜓 ∗𝐿 𝑟𝑑𝑟
0
𝑃 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐 = =
𝑃 ( 𝑧 =0 ) ∞

∫ 𝜓 𝐿 𝜓 ∗𝐿 𝑟𝑑𝑟
0
𝑟𝑐
¿ ∑ 𝜓𝐿¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
𝑟 =0
where, are the weight factors for associated Laguerre-Gauss functions.

Now, loss (dB/m) is obtained as

𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 ( 𝑑𝐵/𝑚 ) =−10 𝑙𝑜𝑔 10(𝑃 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐 )

IIT Delhi 04/24

OPTCT 2022 Mode in Trench-Assisted Fibers
The refractive index profile for trench-assisted fiber is given as

{
𝑛1 𝑟 <𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝑟𝑐
𝑛 ( 𝑟 )= 𝑛 2 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 <𝑟 < 𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐h
𝑛1 𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐h

Let a few-mode trench-assisted fiber with , , and at 1.5um. Fig. Refractive Index Profile for Trench fiber

neff=1.4413068,

n_clad=1.4413068,

Fig. 1st Approximation for LP01 mode

IIT Delhi 05/24

OPTCT 2022 Mode in Trench-Assisted Fibers
The refractive index profile for trench-assisted fiber is given as

{
𝑛1 𝑟 <𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝑟𝑐
𝑛 ( 𝑟 )= 𝑛 2 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 <𝑟 < 𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐h
𝑛1 𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐h

Let a few-mode trench-assisted fiber with , , and at 1.5um. Fig. Refractive Index Profile for Trench fiber

neff=1.441312,
n_clad=1.441312,

and so on…
Fig. 2nd Approximation for LP01 mode

IIT Delhi 05/24

OPTCT 2022 Mode in Trench-Assisted Fibers
The refractive index profile for trench-assisted fiber is given as

{
𝑛1 𝑟 <𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝑟𝑐
𝑛 ( 𝑟 )= 𝑛 2 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 <𝑟 < 𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐h
𝑛1 𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐h

Let a few-mode trench-assisted fiber with , , and at 1.5um. Fig. Refractive Index Profile for Trench fiber

neff=1.441323,
n_clad=1.441323,
neff=1.441323 converse…!
Fig. five approximation for LP01 mode

IIT Delhi 05/24

OPTCT 2022 Mode in Trench-Assisted Fibers
The refractive index profile for trench-assisted fiber is given as

{
𝑛1 𝑟 <𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝑟𝑐
𝑛 ( 𝑟 )= 𝑛 2 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 <𝑟 < 𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐h
𝑛1 𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐h

Let a few-mode trench-assisted fiber with , , and at 1.5um. Fig. Refractive Index Profile for Trench fiber

Fig. Modeling of mode in Trench-assisted FMF Fig. Modeling of mode in Trench-assisted FMF

IIT Delhi 06/24

OPTCT 2022 Mode in Trench-Assisted SMF
Here, we have used 380 collocation functions for mode calculation
and design parameters are for single mode trench-assisted fiber
with , , and at different wavelengths.

The field is starting to leak in the cladding region after a few mm of

propagation as shown in figure.
Losses and corresponding approximated cladding index for mode at Fig. Modaling of LP01 mode

different wavelengths are compared as

plot(r Wavelength () Present Method Compared with literature

Effective index Loss Effective index Loss
(dB/mm) (dB/mm)
1.3 1.4406621 1.4405685

1.4 1.4403611 1.4402623

1.5 1.4400067 1.4399626

1.6 1.4397832 1.4396707

Fig. Leakage of LP01 mode after 2mm propagation

*K. Thyagarajan, S. Diggavi, A. Taneja, and A. Ghatak, "Simple numerical technique for the analysis of cylindrically symmetric refractive-index profile optical fibers," Appl. Opt.
30, 3877-3879 (1991).

IIT Delhi 07/24

OPTCT 2022 Mode in Trench-Assisted FMF
Now, we consider a few-mode trench-assisted fiber
with , , and at different wavelengths. For modeling,
here we also use 380 associated Laguerre-Gauss
functions.
The leakage of the field in the cladding region for and
modes is shown in the figures.

Losses and corresponding approximated cladding index

for and modes at different wavelengths are given as Fig. Modeling and propagation of LP01 mode at 1.5um wavelength in FMF

Wavelength () LP01 LP11

Effective index Loss Effective index Loss
(dB/mm) (dB/mm)
1.3 1.4417490 1.4385946

1.4 1.4415313 1.4380998

1.5 1.4413127 1.4376409

1.6 1.4410949 1.4372262

Fig. Modeling and propagation of LP11 at 1.5um wavelength mode in FMF

IIT Delhi 08/24

OPTCT 2022 Propagation Through Taper Trench-Assisted Fibers
The radius of linear taper with trench structure is written as

{
𝑟 1 𝑧<𝑑𝐿
𝑟 ( 𝑧 )= 𝑟 2 + ( 1
𝑟 −𝑟 2)
𝑧 𝑑 𝐿 < 𝑧 <2 𝑑 𝐿
𝑑𝐿
𝑟 2 𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

The refractive index profile for trench-assisted fiber is given by Fig. Symmetic structure for linear taper with trench

{
𝑛1 𝑟 <𝑟 1
𝑛(𝑟 , 𝑧 )= 𝑛2 𝑟 1 <𝑟 < 𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐h
Trench Index
𝑟 2 𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

To analyze such a type of structure, we use the collocation

method for the mode calculation of the trench structure. Here,
we use 380 collocation functions to modal the problem.

Fig. Refractive index profile for linear taper with trench

IIT Delhi 09/24

OPTCT 2022 Propagation Through Taper Trench-Assisted Fibers (Conti…)
Here, we obtain the LP01 mode of the trench-assisted few-mode fiber using the method as explained above. The design
parameters are , , , , and at 1.5um wavelength.

The modal field for LP01 mode with index profile is shown in fig.1 and the propagated field after the trench profile at a
distance of 3mm is shown as

Fig.1 Modeling of LP01 mode in the trench structure Fig.1 propagation of LP01 mode in the taper-trench fiber structure

IIT Delhi 10/24

OPTCT 2022
Conclusion
 Using this method, we analyze the taper structures and leaky
fiber structure and obtain the propagation loss using propagation
analysis.
 No approximation is used except the number of collocation point
are finite. The accuracy increase with the increase in the
collocation points.
 The collocation equation is equivalent to the Helmholtz equation
for infinite collocation points.
 Azimuthally symmetric bidirectional method works efficiently
for the FBGs and LPG.
 This method is used to propagate higher-order modes.
 The method is also applicable to various symmetric operations.

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 Acknowledgment
OPTCT 2022

Thank you
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