STATISTICS

METHOMS
LECTURE-3
 The Variance () and The
)( Standard Deviation
The variance and the standard deviation are based on deviations from the mean.
To compute the variance and the standard deviation, we square the difference
between each value and the mean. This squaring eliminates the possibility of
negative numbers.

Hence, the formula for the variance, which is denoted by 𝜎 2 is

σ𝒏 ഥ 𝟐
𝒊=𝟏(𝒙𝒊 − 𝑿 )
𝟐
𝝈 =
𝒏
ഥ is the mean,
where 𝑿

𝒙𝒊 are the scores, and 𝒏 is the total number of scores.

The standard deviation is defined by

The Standard Deviation
)(
• EXAMLE:
Calculate the variance for the data sets 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16

Solution:

4 + 7 + 9 + 10 + 11 + 13 + 16 70
ത=
𝑋 = = 10
7 7

𝑥 ത
(𝑥 − 𝑋 )2
4 36
7 9
9 1
10 0
11 1
13 9
16 36
Sum = 70 92

92
Then, 𝜎2 = = 13.14.
7
• EXAMLE:

Find the standard deviation for the data

sets
4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16
Solution:

4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 + 14 + 16
𝑋ത= = 10
7

4 36

112
6 16

𝜎= ඨ =4
8 4
10 0
12 4 7
14 16
16 36

sum 112
 The Variance and The Standard
Deviation for Grouped Data Set

• Where is the midpoint of each class,

• is the arithmetic mean,
• is the number of frequency in each class, and
• is the total number of frequency.
Example 12:
Calculate the standard deviation from the frequency table
Class 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-110 110-120

Frequency 7 9 19 14 14 2 6

Solution:
Class Freq. f Midpoint x (f)(x) ത
x-𝑋 ത
𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑋 )2

50-60 7 55 385 -26.3 4841.83

60-70 9 65 585 -16.3 2391.21

70-80 19 75 1425 -6.3 754.11

80-90 14 85 1190 3.7 191.66

90-100 14 95 1330 13.7 2627.66

100-110 2 105 210 23.7 3370.14

110-120 6 115 690 33.7 2271.38

sum 71 5775 16447.99

5775
ത=
𝑋 = 81.3
71
16447 .99
The standard deviation is 𝜎=ට = 15.22
71
Example 13:

Calculate the standard deviation from the frequency table

class 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25

frequency 5 6 15 10

Solution:

Class Freq. f Midpoint x (f)(x) ത

x-𝑋 ത
𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑋 )2
5-10 5 7.5 37.5 -9.1 414.05
10-15 6 12.5 75 -4.1 100.86
15-20 15 17.5 262.5 -1.6 38.4
20-25 10 22.5 225 -6.6 435.6
sum 36 600 988.91

600
ത=
𝑋 = 16.6
36
988.91
The standard deviation is 𝜎 =ට = 5.24
36
 Skewness
• Skewness is a measure of the degree of symmetry of a
distribution. If the left tail (tail at small end of the distribution)
is more pronounced that the right tail (tail at the large end of
the distribution), the function is said to have negative
skewness. If the reverse is true, it has positive skewness. If the
two are equal, it has zero skewness.
Pearson's skewness coefficients are defined by

𝟑[ 𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧−𝐦𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧]
Coefficients of skewness =
𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐝𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

The values of these coefficients lies in the closed interval [-3,3]. The negative
value of the coefficient means that the distribution is skewed to the left, while
the positive value indicates that the distribution is skewed to the right. The zero
value means that the distribution is symmetric.
• Example
• If the arithmetic mean is 22, the median is
21 and the standard deviation is 5. Find the
coefficient of skewness.
• Solution:
• Coefficient of skewness =
• = = 0.6