Cam

• Cam - A mechanical
device used to transmit
motion to a follower by
direct contact.
• Cam – driver; Follower
- driven
• In a cam - follower pair,
the cam normally rotates
while the follower may
translate or oscillate.
Cams are used to convert rotary
motion into reciprocating motion

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 Three elements of the cam

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 In IC engines to
operate the inlet and
exhaust valves

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 CAMS
Follower motions having almost any desired characteristics are
not difficult to design.
By desired characteristics are typically meant the following:
Displacement – the height or distance through which the
follower is moved for one revolution of the cam;
Velocity – the speed with which the cam moves the follower;
Acceleration – the rate of change of velocity of the follower
Jerk – the rate of change of acceleration.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF CAMS
(i) Based on the physical shape
(a) Disk or plate cams

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 (b) Cylindrical cam

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 • Translation Cam (Wedge Cam)
• Not very commonly used. The cam moves over and back,
reciprocating motion, which drives the follower vertically.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF FOLLOWES
(i) Based on surface in contact

(a) Knife edge follower

(b) Roller follower
(c) Flat faced follower
(d) Spherical follower

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 KNIFE OR POINT
EDGE FOLLOWER

ROLLER FLAT FACED

FOLLOWER FOLLOWER

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 (ii) Based on type of motion

a) Oscillating follower
b) Translating follower

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 (iii) Based on line of action

a) Radial (in line) follower

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 (b) Off-set follower

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 1.2 Classification of CAM Mechanism

Based on modes of Input / Output motion

1 Rotating cam –Translating follower
2 Rotating cam – Oscillating follower
3 Translating cam – Translating follower

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 Classification of followers

According to the shape of follower

• Knife edge follower
• Roller follower
• Flat faced follower
• Spherical faced follower

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 Classification of cams

a) Radial or disc cam

In radial cams, the follower reciprocates or oscillates
in a direction perpendicular to the cam axis

b) Cylindrical cam
In cylindrical cams, the follower reciprocates or
oscillates in a direction parallel to the cams axis.

c) End cam
It is also similar to cylindrical cams, but the follower
makes contact at periphery of the cam.

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 Cam nomenclature

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 . CAM Nomenclature

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• Cam profile : The outer
surface of the disc
cam.
• Base circle: The
smallest circle drawn
on the cam profile.
• Trace point: The center
line of the follower
roller or its equivalent.

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  Pitch curve: The locus
of successive
positions of the trace
point as cam
displacement takes
place.
 Prime circle: The smallest circle drawn on
the pitch curve from the cam center.
 Pressure angle: the angle between the normal
to the pitch curve and the instantaneous
direction of motion of the follower.
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 Cam terms

 Pitch point: The position of the pitch curve

where the pressure angle is maximum.
 Pitch circle: The circle which passes through
the pitch point.
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 45°

Pressure angle = α = 0 (fig. A)

= 450 (fig.B)
Angle of outstroke = 800 20°
80°

Angle of dwell 1 = 200 80° 180°

Angle of return stroke = 800 Fig. B

Angle of dwell 2 = 1800

Fig.A

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 45°

Influence of off set on 26°

pressure angle

20°
80°

80° 180°

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 PROFILE SHAPES OF SOME CAMS
PEAR-SHAPED CAMS: 
CAMS:
These type cams are often used for controlling valves. For example, they are
used on motor car camshafts to operate the engine valves. A follower
controlled by a pear-shaped cam remains motionless for about half a
revolution of the cam. During the time that the follower is stationary, the cam
is in a dwell period. During the other half revolution of the cam, the follower
rises and then falls. As the pear-shaped cam is symmetrical, the rise motion is
the same as the fall motion.

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 Edge cams
It must be appreciated that this type of cam, where the
follower is in contact with the edge of the cam disc, is only
capable of imparting positive motion to its follower in one
direction, that is, during the rise portion of the cam
movement. During the fall portion of the cam movement the
follower must be maintained in contact with the cam either by
the mass of the follower and its mechanism or, more usually,
by a spring. Both methods have their advantages.  

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 Box cams
  A groove can be milled in the face of cam discs. As the cam
rotates, a follower located in the  groove has its motion guided
by the groove. This type of cam is called a box cam.

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 Cylindrical cams:
  Cylindrical cams are used when motion has to be transmitted
parallel to the axis of rotation of the cam. The cylindrical or
barrel cam consists of a rotating cylinder with a helical (screw
shaped) groove in its curved surface. A follower with a tapered
roller end is located in the groove. As the cylinder turns, the
follower moves in a straight line parallel to the axis of the
rotation barrel cam. This type of cam is often used to guide
thread on sewing machines, looms and fabric making machines.

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 CIRCULAR CAMS:
These cams are sometimes called eccentric cams. The cam profile is a
circle. The center of rotation of the cam is often from the geometric
center of the circle. The circular cam produces a smooth form of
motion called a simple harmonic motion. These cams are often used
to produce motion in pumps. Circular cams are often used to operate
steam engine valves. As the cam is symmetrical, the rise and fall
motions are the same.
 

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 HEART SHAPED CAMS:
 
This cam causes the follower to move with a uniform velocity.
Heart-shaped cams are essential when the follower motion
needs to be uniform or steady as, for example, in the
mechanism that winds thread evenly on the bobbin of a
sewing machine. A heart-shaped cam can be used for winding
wire evenly on the former of a solenoid.
 

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 Example of cam action

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 Cam-Valve

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Types of follower motion
Follower motion with,
a) Uniform velocity
b) Modified uniform velocity
c) Uniform acceleration and deceleration
d) Simple harmonic motion
e) Cycloidal motion

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 DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAMS

• The input motion θ (t) is derived from the angular velocity of the shaft, ω.
The output displacement of the follower Y(t) consists of rises, dwells and
falls. What is typically required is to design a cam to provide an output
motion Y ( t ) for a given angular motion input. The diagram below shows
a typical displacement diagram for a disc cam with one rise, one fall and
two dwells occurring within a cam rotation of 360 degrees. A cam may
have multiple rises and falls, no dwells, or whatever configuration is
necessary for the desired follower motion.

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 Motion of the follower

As the cam rotates the follower moves

upward and downward.
• The upward movement of follower is called rise
(Outstroke)
• The downward movement is called fall
(Returnstroke).
• When the follower is not moving upward and
downward even when the cam rotates, it is
called dwell.

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 Displacement diagrams
Displacement is the distance that a follower moves during one
complete revolution (or cycle) of the cam while the follower is
in contact with the cam. A displacement diagram is a graph
of flat-pattern drawing of the travel (displacement) of the
follower on the cam. A period is a part of the cam cycle and
it includes the following:

Rise – the upward motion of the follower caused by cam

motion.
Fall – the downward motion of the follower caused by cam
motion.
Dwell – the stationary position of the follower caused by cam
motion.

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 When the cam turns through one motion cycle, the follower
executes a series of events consisting of rises, dwells, and
returns.

Rise is the motion of the follower away from the cam center;
dwell is the motion during which the follower is at rest; and
return is the motion of the follower toward the cam center.

There are three different types of follower motion in standard

use, which are shown below.

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 Cam motions:
Uniform (constant) velocity:
Since the velocity is constant, the displacement diagram will
be a straight line with constant slope.

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 Normally, uniform motion is modified by arcs drawn at the start and end of
the period. The arc radius is normally half or quarter the follower
displacement.

Step 1. Draw the base circle

line using any convenient
distance
Step 2. Divide it into 12 equal
divisions.

Step 3. Draw the follower

displacement height line vertical
to the base circle line. Create a
rectangle, using the base circle
line and the follower
displacement line as the width
and height, respectively.

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 Step 4. Draw a straight line
from 00 to the top of 1800 and
then down again to 3600. This
line represents the
displacement diagram for
uniform motion.

Step 5. Modify the straight

displacement line by drawing
arcs at 0, 180 and 360 degrees.
The arc radius is equal to one-
fourth to one-half the follower
displacement.

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 Step 6. Darken the
modified line.

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a) Follower motion with
Uniform velocity
f g
e h
d i
c j
b k
a l

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

OU
T STRO
KE DW
ELL RETU
RNSTR
OKE DW
ELL

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(b) Follower motion with
modified uniform velocity

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 (d) Simple Harmonic Motion
motion executed by point Pl, y

which is the projection of

point P on the vertical p'

r
p

diameter a
x

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 Simple Harmonic Motion
Displacement = y  r sin   r sin  p;t y max  r

Velocity = y   p r cos  p t ; y max  r p

Acceleration = y   p 2 r sin  p t   p 2 ;y y max  r p 2

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 Simple harmonic motion.
The displacement diagram is a sine curve. Consideration shows that this
type of cam will give the smoothest change of motion in the follower.

Simple harmonic motion follower performance graph.

 

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Simple Harmonic Motion

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 Step 1. Create a rectangle,
using the base circle line and
the follower displacement line
as the width and height,
respectively.

Step 2. Draw a semi-circle at

one end and divide it into 6
equal divisions.
Step 3. Project the divisions
from the semi-circle to get the
points on the displacement
diagram.

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 Step 4. Trace the points
of the displacement
diagram and darken the
line.

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 Uniform acceleration and retardation.
This displacement curve is parabolic. It gives a uniform rate of
acceleration from the start to the midpoint and a similar uniform rate of
retardation from the midpoint to the end of the movement.

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 Step 1. Create a rectangle, using
the base circle line and the
follower displacement line as the
width and height, respectively.

Step 2. Proportionally divide

the two halves of the follower
displacement into ratios of 1, 4,
9.
Step 3. Project the divisions to
get the points on the
displacement diagram.

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 Step 4. Trace the points of the displacement diagram
and darken the line.

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(c) Follower motion with
uniform acceleration and
retardation (UARM)

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 Combination motion displacement diagram
The example shown next shows a displacement diagram imparting the
following motions:
Performance Data
Upward stroke during 60° of cam rotation at constant velocity;
Dwell for 30° of cam rotation;
Upward stroke during 90° of cam rotation with simple harmonic motion;
and
Fall to it’s original position for the remainder of the cam’s revolution with
uniform acceleration and deceleration.

Step 1. Draw the base

circle, divide it into 12
equal divisions and a
follower displacement
height.

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 Step 2. Mark the distances for
the four different
displacements.
Step 3. Construct the uniform
motion displacement diagram
(0 – 60°)
Step 4. Construct a dwell
displacement (60° – 90°)

Step 5. Construct a simple

harmonic motion displacement
diagram (90° – 180°). In this
case you will have to divide the
base line into 15° sections.

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 Step 6. Construct a uniform acceleration and deceleration
displacement diagram (180° – 360°)

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 Drawing cam profiles.
 
Now that we have seen the various types of cams and cam followers, we can
now begin to draw a cam profile according to the given cam data. In order
to draw a cam profile we must know how to draw the cam displacement
diagram. You have already viewed these diagrams, so make sure you know
how to draw each one before you try to draw the cam profile.
 
Cam rotation directions
Before you begin to draw a cam profile according to the given data, you
must know what direction the cam is to rotate.
If the cam is to rotate in a clockwise direction, then the outside diameter
of the profile is numbered in an anti-clockwise direction, so
If the cam is to rotate in an anti-clockwise direction, then the outside
diameter of the profile is numbered in a clockwise direction.

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 Constant velocity

Step 1. Draw the displacement diagram.

Step 2. Draw the centre lines of the camshaft and the highest and
lowest positions of the follower.

Step 3. Project lines from points 1 – 12 on the displacement

diagram to the stroke position of the follower.
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 Step 4. Inscribe a circle from the centre of the cam shaft to the
highest point the follower will travel.

Step 5. Divide this circle into 12 equal divisions.

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 Step 6. With a compass and the centre of the camshaft as
centre, inscribe arcs from the stroke position to give you the
profile of the cam.

Step 7. Darken the cam profile.

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 Uniform velocity with a knife-edge follower animation
 
Cam data
In-line knife edge follower,
50 mm minimum diameter,
40 mm lift (rise) with uniform velocity,
0 degrees to 90 degrees bottom dwell, 90 degrees to 180 degrees rise,
180 degrees to 270 degrees top dwell, 270 degrees to 360 fall,
clockwise rotation.

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 Simple harmonic motion

Step 1. Draw the displacement diagram.

Step 2. Draw the centre lines of the camshaft and the highest and
lowest positions of the follower
.
Step 3. Project lines from points 1 – 12 on the displacement
diagram to the stroke position of the follower.

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 Step 4. Inscribe a circle from the centre of the cam shaft to
the highest point the follower will travel.

Step 5. Divide the circle into 12 equal divisions.

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 Step 6. With a compass and the centre of the cam shaft as centre,
inscribe arcs to give you the position of the profile of the cam.

Step 7. Darken the cam profile.

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 Simple harmonic motion with a roller follower animation
Cam data
In-line roller follower, diameter 12 mm,
minimum cam diameter 50 mm,
total rise 42 mm, both rise and fall have simple harmonic motion,
0 to 90 degrees bottom dwell,
90 to 180 degrees rise with simple harmonic motion,
180 to 270 degrees top dwell,
270 to 360 degrees fall with simple harmonic motion,
because this is a symmetrical cam it can rotate in either direction.

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 Uniform acceleration and retardation with an incline flat face
follower animation
Cam data,
In-line flat face follower,
minimum cam diameter 50 mm,
rise 36 mm through 180 degrees and a similar fall, both having U.A.R.,
this produces a symmetrical cam giving the required follower motion with
either direction of rotation.
 

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 Combination

Steps 1-5. Follow the steps in constructing the simple harmonic motion.

Step 6. Add more divisions to the constant velocity and simple harmonic
sections.

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 Step 7. Construct the constant velocity and dwell sections of the
cam profile.

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 Step 8. Construct the simple harmonic motion section of the
cam profile.

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 Step 9. Construct the uniform acceleration and deceleration
section of the cam profile.

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 1. Roller follower
The construction of the roller follower cam is similar to the knife
edge follower. The difference is, with the roller follower you will
look for the centre of the roller at the twelve different positions.
You will get the cam profile by drawing a curve tangent to the
twelve roller circles. The example shown next shows how this is
done.
2. Offset follower
An offset cam roller complicates the drawing of a cam profile
because an offset circle must be drawn equal in radius to the
amount of offset. The offset circle is divided into the same
number of parts as the displacement diagram. A tangent line
is then drawn from the points on the circumference of the
offset circle to locate the centres for the roller along the pitch
curve. The diagram below shows how to construct cam profile
for an offset cam roller.
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 IN LINE ROLLER
FOLLOWER

Step 1. Draw the displacement diagram as shown.

Step 2. Position the camshaft axis to the side of the displacement diagram and a
distance equal to the radius of the roller plus the least radius of the cam below it.
Step 3. With centre the camshaft and radius the highest follower displacement inscribe
a circle.
Step 4. Divide this circle into the same number of divisions as the displacement
diagram.
Step 5. Project points 1 – 12 from the displacement diagram to the follower axis.
Step 6. With centre the camshaft axis and radius to the points of division on the follower
axis, describe arcs to intersect the radial line through the camshaft axis at points 1 – 12.
Step 7. Draw roller circles at the points of intersection found in the previous step.
Step 8. Draw a tangential curve to the roller circles to give the required cam profile.

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 OFFSET ROLLER FOLLOWER

Step 1. Draw the displacement diagram as shown.

Step 2. Position the camshaft axis to the side of the displacement diagram and a
distance equal to the radius of the roller plus the least radius of the cam below it.
Step 3. With centre the camshaft and radius the highest follower displacement
inscribe a circle.
Step 4. Divide this circle into the same number of divisions as the displacement
diagram.
Step 5. Project points 1 – 12 from the displacement diagram to the follower axis.
Step 6.
Step 7. Draw roller circles at the points of intersection found in the previous step.
Step 8. Draw a tangential curve to the roller circles to give the required cam profile.

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 Uniform velocity with offset roller follower animation
Cam data
minimum cam diameter 50 mm,
bottom dwell 0 to 60 degrees, rise 60 to 150 degrees, top dwell 150 to 210
degrees, fall 210 to 300 degrees 300 to 360 degrees bottom dwell,
total lift 36 mm, uniform velocity, clockwise rotation, roller follower
diameter 12 mm,
offset 20 mm to the right of the cam centerline.

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 Uniform acceleration and retardation + uniform velocity, with a knife-edge
follower animation
Cam data,
In-line knife edge follower,
minimum cam diameter 50 mm,
rise 42 mm through 180 degrees with uniform acceleration and retardation,
fall 42 mm through 180 degrees with uniform velocity,
clockwise rotation.

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