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Lecture - 7
Solid waste (old name: Municipal refuse)
Gaseous waste
Solid Waste:
Storage
Collection
Disposal
ration:
Generation:
Lahore 0.5 kg / C / D
New York 2.0 kg / C / D
2.5 m3 (LAHORE) 12 m3
• Containment
• Convenience in collection
• Cover
• Contribute towards environment protection
Two-bin system
• Wet waste
• Dry waste
3. Collection:
Collection include the pick up from the storage unit and hauling
(transport) to the
Disposal site or
Transfer station or
Processing facilities
and unloading over there.
ration:
Three Bin System
Collection:
Two collection systems are in vogue.
(HCS) (SCS)
2.5 m3
12 m3
Disposal
Disposal
Some other systems, used locally in Pakistan
• Tractor trolleys
• Open body trucks
• Animal carts
Problem:
A city has a population of 100,000 people. S.W generation
rate is 0.4 kg /c /d. It is decided to use HCS in the city with a container
size of 12 m3. Find the no of container required if density of S.W is 200
kg/m3 and each vehicle used to haul the container will make two trips per
day.
Solution:
Generation rate = 0.4 kg / c /day
Density = 200 kg / m3
Population = 100,000
Total S.W = 0.4x100, 000 = 40,000 kg
Volume of S.W = Weight = 40,000 = 200 m3
Density 200
No. of container = 200 / (12x2) = 8.33 = 9
9 containers are required
Transfer & Transport:
4. Transfer and transport:
It refer to the means; and facilities used to effect the transfer of wastes
from small vehicles to large vehicles, which then transport the wastes
to processing centers or disposal sites.
Transfer stations are essentially used when disposal sites are located
at long distances and collection vehicles are small sized. Transfer
stations should be located at a place where there is minimum public
inconvenience and environmental objection.
Small vehicle
big vehicle
Processing & Recovery:
5. Processing and Recovery:
Processing refer to various techniques that are used to improve
the efficiency of other operations in S.W.M.
Whereas Recovery refer to recover the re-usable materials and
products from S.W.
6. Disposal Methods:
S.W. can be finally disposed in three different ways.
Ways Usage Local practices
Sr. No.
i. Composting 10-15% Not done completely
ii. Incineration 5-10% Open burning
iii. Sanitary land filling 70-80% Open dumping
i. Composting:
Suitability:
This method is very suitable for s.w containing large amount of
organic matter (like residues of fruits, vegetables, garden
cuttings etc). S.W. of Lahore contain upto 60% organic matter and
thus much suitable for composting.
Definition:
It is biological degradation of organic wastes under aerobic
conditions to an end product known as “compost”, which can be used
as manure or land conditioner. The process is accomplished by
microorganisms. It takes 2 months to complete entire process.
Preparation:
To prepare compost; organic component of s.w is separated and left
in the open land in the form of heap and turned every weak to
maintain aerobic conditions.
Uses:
Compost is considered to be the best manure and land conditioner. It
protect land erosion, keep land porous and aerated, retain moisture
in ground and reduce the requirement of chemical fertilizers. (a lot of
work is being done on composting in USA, Europe).
II. Incineration:
Incinerators are high technology and are costly to run and operate.
Non-availability of land for sanitary landfilling sometimes necessitates
the use of this method (e.g. Japan).
Clay layer
Compacted solid waste
At the end of days work; the S.W. is covered with a clay layer. This process
continues till the entire ditch is filled. Afterwards, a 2’ final cover again clay
layer is provided at the tip of landfill.
Problem:
A city with a population of 5 lac person (500,000) has a solid waste generation
rate of 0.5 kg/capita/day. A landfill site is selected at a distance of 5 km from
the city. Estimate the area required for sanitary landfill for a period of one year.
Assume depth of landfill as 2m and density of solid waste is 200 kg/m 3.
Solution:
S.W.G.R = 0.5 kg/capita/day
Population, P = 500,000
H = 2m
Density, ρ = 200 kg/m3
Amount of waste = 500,000 x 0.5 x 365 = 91,250,000 kg
Volume = m = 91,250,000 = 456,250 m3
ρ 200
Area = volume / depth = 456250 / 2 = 228,125 m 2
Area = 22.8125 hectors