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Systems.
To introduce Environmental Laws, EIA and
REFERENCE BOOKS
An ability to identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using
first principles of mathematics, natural sciences and engineering sciences.
Statement
SLO Score→ Exemplary (5) Proficient (4) Developing (3) Beginning (2) Novice (1)
↓
Identify and Formulate: Completely identifies Identifies and Identifies and Identifies and
Mathematically and formulates all formulates more than formulates 25% to formulates up to 25% Formulates no
2.1
Formulates the identified relevant information 75% of all relevant 75% of all relevant of all relevant relevant information
information. without any mistakes. information information information
Research: Identify and Completely Identifies Identifies and Identifies and Identifies and
Identifies and
formulates missing and formulates all formulates more than formulates 25% to formulates up to 25%
2.2 formulates no missing
information and resolve missing information 75% of missing 75% of missing of missing
information.
the ambiguity. without any mistakes. information. information. information.
Solve: Completely solve Identifies some
Completely solves the
the problem without any Arrives at a correct relevant equations
Completely solves the problem but has
mistake with appropriate partial solution, but cannot Cannot move beyond
2.3 problem without any minor data assembly
manipulation of leading towards the manipulate them the given information.
mistake. mistakes leading to a
equations and accurate final answer. towards a correct
wrong answer.
data assembly. partial solution.
Conclude: Answers are Answers are correctly Answers are wrongly Answers are correctly Answers are wrongly Answers are neither
interpreted and are interpreted and are interpreted but are interpreted but are interpreted and are interpreted nor
2.4
verified in other ways also verified in other verified in other ways not verified in other not verified in other verified in other ways
possible. ways possible. possible. ways possible. ways possible. possible.
SOME BASIC TERMS
SOURCES OF WASTEWATER
When favored
I) There is an immediate need for collection of
sanitary sewage but not for storm sewage.
II) Where sanitary sewage need treatment but storm
water does not
2. Combined System: A system in which sewer carry both
sanitary as well as storm sewage.
When favored
I)When combined sewage can be disposed off with out
treatment
II)When both need treatment
III)When streets are narrow and two separate sewers cannot
be laid.
It is the water that enters sewer through poor joints, cracked pipes and
walls and covers of manholes. Infiltration is almost non-existent in dry
weather but it will increase during rainy season.
Problem 2
18
Problem
Solution
120,000
Total pop = 15000 = 1800 persons.
1000 1000
14 14
M=1+ = 1+ = 3.6
4 p 4 1.8
INVERT LEVEL
It is the level of the invert of the sewer pipe
Invert: Inverted Arch
Invert Level = G.L– Cover over pipe– thickness of Pipe– dia of pipe.
If map of the area is not already available, the first step is to carry out
survey to draw a map of the project area.
Different details are marked on the map like
• Streets
• Railway lines
• Streams
• Location of under ground utilities like gas, water mains etc.
Establish BENCH MARKS through out the area and make contour
profiles.
Soil conditions should be investigated for the type of structure, location
of water table, presence of any underground rock etc.
Collection of rainfall and run off data.
Study of natural slopes of the area and selection of a suitable disposal
point.
V = 1 R 2 3 s 12 (Manning’s Formula)
n
Where
V = Velocity, m/sec Area
R = hydraulic mean depth = wetted perimeter
(vii) Manholes
Purpose
Cleaning
Inspection
House connections
Where provided
viii)Qd/Qf Ratios
WASA recommend the Qd/Qf ratios in order to provide air space in the
upper portion of sewers for ventilation purpose. Qd represent design
flow and Qf is flow when sewer is flowing full.
5) SUBSEQUENT MODIFICATIONS
Mostly done due to some unforeseen incident, to accommodate some
additional demand/requirement of the client etc.
Problem 3
26
SEWERS FLOWING PARTIALLY FULL
29
Problem 4
A 915 mm circular combined sewer is laid on a slope of 0.003 and it
is flow full with n = 0.013. What will be the velocity and depth of
flow when the sewer is carrying 8.5 m3/min discharge. (0.1416
m3/sec).
2
0.003
1 3 1
2
Q when flowing full = V =(1/n) R2/3S1/2 = D
4
= 1.57 m/sec 0.013
3.142
0.915 1.57 = 1.036 m3/sec
2
Q = A V=
4
Qa/Qf = 0.1416/1.036 = 0.14