“Fundamentals of Dynamics and it’s Applications”

Seismic and Wind Design of Building

SESSION 2016
SECTION CV-B

SUBMITTED BY:
Name: H Ahmad Nawaz Roll #: 16L-5473
Name: Irfan Kaleem Roll #: 16L-5460
Name: Faran Masood Roll #: 16L-5449
Name: Raheel Malook Roll #: 16L-5492
Name: Naeem Ullah Roll #: 16L-5459

SUBMITTED TO:

Dr. Javed Ahmed

Head of Department, CIVIL ENGG. DEPARTMENT
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER AND EMERGING SCIENCES
LAHORE
Contents
1.0. Literature Review ................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 3
1.2. Maximum Considered Earthquake .................................................................................................... 4
1.2.1. S1 and SS Parameters ................................................................................................................. 4
1.3. Soil Site Class ...................................................................................................................................... 5
1.3.1. MCE Spectral Response Accelerations and Design Response Accelerations .............................. 5
1.3.2. SDS and SD1 Calculation ............................................................................................................. 5
1.4. Risk and Importance Factors.............................................................................................................. 5
1.5. Lateral Forces ..................................................................................................................................... 6
1.5.1. Fundamental Period Calculation ................................................................................................. 7
1.6. Total Design Seismic Base Shear ........................................................................................................ 7
2.0. Islamabad Response Spectrum .............................................................................................................. 7
3.0 Literature of Wind Design ..................................................................................................................... 10
3.1 Calculation of Wind Loads on Structures according to ASCE 7-10 ................................................... 10
3.1.1 Permitted Procedures ................................................................................................................ 10
3.1.2 Main Wind-Force Resisting System (MWFRS) ........................................................................... 10
3.2 Directional Procedure ....................................................................................................................... 11
.................................................................................................................................................................... 12
4.0 Pakistan Building Code .......................................................................................................................... 17
4.1 Modification Factor (R) ..................................................................................................................... 17
4.2 Importance Factors (I) ....................................................................................................................... 18
5.0 Analysis of Structure Using ETABS Software ......................................................................................... 19
5.1 Analysis of Wind Design Using ETABS ............................................................................................... 19
.................................................................................................................................................................... 19
5.2 Analysis of Earth Quake in ETABS ..................................................................................................... 21

1
List of Tables
Table 1 S1 is selected by using the following tables ..................................................................................... 4
Table 2 SS is selected by using the following tables ..................................................................................... 4
Table 3 Risk Importance Factors are selected by using the following Table ................................................ 6
Table 4 Wind Directionality Factor, Kd ....................................................................................................... 12
Table 5 Topographic Factor ........................................................................................................................ 13
Table 6 Internal pressure coefficient, 𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 ................................................................................................ 14
Table 7 Velocity Pressure Coefficients ........................................................................................................ 15
Table 8 Wall Pressure Coefficient ............................................................................................................... 16
Table 9 Modification Factor (R) .................................................................................................................. 17
Table 10 Importance Factors as per PBC .................................................................................................... 18

List of Figures
Figure 1 Seismic hazard map of Pakistan with 2% Probability of exceedance in 250 years ........................ 7
Figure 2 Seismic hazard map of Pakistan with 5% Probability of exceedance in 250 years ........................ 8
Figure 3 Seismic hazard map of Pakistan with 10% Probability of exceedance in 250 years ...................... 8
Figure 4 Determination of Wind Load ........................................................................................................ 10
Figure 5 Windward wall pressure on each storey ...................................................................................... 19
Figure 6 Leeward Wall pressure on each storey ......................................................................................... 20
Figure 7 Lateral Seismic Forces on each storey of structure ...................................................................... 21

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Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete
Structures
1.0. Literature Review
1.1. Introduction
Seismic design of reinforced concrete structures is a subject that could easily fill an entire textbook. Many
organizations are dedicated to studying the earthquake response and design of structures. Each earthquake
teaches us new lessons, and we continually refine our code requirements based on such lessons. Earthquakes
produce horizontal and vertical ground motions that shake the base of a structure. Because the movement
of the rest of the structure is resisted by the structure’s mass (inertia), ground shaking creates deformations
in the structure, and these deformations produce forces in the structure.
Earthquake motions produce seismic loads on structures, even those that are not part of the lateral load-
resisting system. These forces can be both horizontal and vertical and can subject structural elements to
axial forces, moments, and shears whose magnitudes depend on many of the properties of the structure,
such as its mass, its stiffness, and its ductility. Also important is the structure’s period of vibration (the time
that the structure takes to vibrate back and forth laterally). In this appendix, the seismic design of reinforced
concrete structures is approached from the viewpoint of code application. Calculation of seismic design
forces is discussed, element design and detailing for those forces is explained, and examples are provided.
The seismic design of reinforced concrete structures is addressed by the general design provisions of ACI
318 and also by the special seismic-design provisions of Chapter 21 of ACI 318.
Reinforced concrete structures designed and detailed according to ACI 318 are intended to resist
earthquakes without structural collapse. In general terms, the strength of an earthquake depends on the
accelerations, velocities, and displacements of the ground motion that it produces. Seismic design loads are
prescribed by Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-10).1 In that
document, the severity of the design earthquake motion for a concrete structure is described in terms of the
structure’s seismic design category (SDC), which depends on the structure’s geographic location and also
the soil on which it is built. Structures assigned to the lowest seismic design category, SDC A, must meet
only the general design provisions of ACI 318 and do not have to meet the special requirements of Chapter
21 of ACI 318.
Structures assigned to higher SDCs (B, C, D, E, or F) have increasing seismic demands, however, and must
meet the requirements of Chapter 21 of ACI 318, which increase in severity with higher SDC. For those
higher seismic design categories, the requirements of Chapter 21 of ACI 318 are based on the assumption
that a reinforced concrete structure responds inelastic ally. Inelastic behavior is characterized by yielding
of the reinforcing steel as described in Chapter 3, Section 3.6 of this textbook. Structural members whose
reinforcing steel yields can dissipate some of the energy imparted to the structure by an earthquake, and the
forces that develop in such members during an earthquake are less than they would be if the structure
responded elastically. Seismic design categories are discussed in more detail in Section D.5 of this
appendix. For now, let’s continue with a discussion of the fundamental steps of earthquake design according
to the load provisions of ASCE 7-10 and the element design and detailing provisions of Chapter 21 of ACI
318-11.

3
1.2. Maximum Considered Earthquake
Areas with high risk of significant ground motion, such as the West Coast of the United States, have the
highest seismic hazard level. Most areas of the United States have at least some level of seismic risk,
however. A large part of ASCE 7-10 is dedicated to determining seismic design forces. These forces are
based on the “maximum considered earthquake” (MCE), which is an extreme earthquake, considered to
occur only once every 2500 years. The severity of MCE level ground shaking is described in terms of the
spectral response acceleration parameters SS and S1, whose values are given in contour maps provided
within ASCE 7 and also available from the United States Geological Service (USGS) website .

1.2.1. S1 and SS Parameters

The parameter SS is a measure of how strongly the MCE affects structures with a short period (0.2 sec).
The parameter S1 is a measure of how strongly the MCE affects structures with a longer period (1 sec).
These are called spectral response parameters. If S1 is less than or equal to 0.04 and SS is less than or equal
to 0.15, the structure is assigned to SDC A. Higher values of S1 and SS correspond to successively higher
seismic design categories. SS and S1 are proportions or ratios of gravity. For example, in parts of southern
California, the value of SS may be 1.0 (100% of the acceleration of gravity), whereas in parts of the
Midwest, it may be only a few percent.

Table 1 S1 is selected by using the following tables

Table 2 SS is selected by using the following tables

4
1.3. Soil Site Class
The spectral response parameters determined above are modified based on the structure’s soil site class.
The lowest soil site class, site class A (hard rock), gives a relatively low seismic design force. Higher soil
site classes give higher seismic design forces. If such site-specific data are not available, ASCE/SEI 7
permits the registered design professional preparing the soil investigation report to estimate soil properties
from known geologic conditions. If the soil properties are not sufficiently known, site class D is used unless
the authority having jurisdiction or geotechnical data determines that site class E or F is appropriate. Once
the soil site class is assigned, the corresponding site coefficients for short and long periods, Fa and Fv ,
respectively, are determined using Table D.1 and the values of SS and S1 as described above.

1.3.1. MCE Spectral Response Accelerations and Design Response Accelerations

The MCE spectral response accelerations (related to design forces) for short periods (SMS ) and for longer
(1-s) periods (SM1) are obtained by multiplying each spectral response acceleration parameter (SS and S1)
by its corresponding site coefficient:
SMS = Fa SS (ASCE/SEI Equation 11.4-1)
SM1 = Fv S1 (ASCE/SEI Equation 11.4-2)

1.3.2. SDS and SD1 Calculation

Design forces are based on a design earthquake (less severe than the maximum considered earthquake,
considered to occur only once every 500 years). The design spectral acceleration parameters, SDS and
SD1, are obtained by multiplying the values of SMS and SM1 by 2 /3:
SDS = 2 3 SMS (ASCE/SEI Equation 11.4-3)
SD1 = 2 3 SM1 (ASCE/SEI Equation 11.4-4)

1.4. Risk and Importance Factors

The occupancy of a building is an important consideration in determining its SDC. A lean to shed on a
farm is obviously less important than a hospital, fire station, or police station.

5
Table 3 Risk Importance Factors are selected by using the following Table

1.5. Lateral Forces

Structures assigned to SDC B through SDC F must be designed using a more detailed method. One such
method is the equivalent lateral force procedure, in which the design seismic base shear, V, in each principal
plan direction is determined as:
V = CsW (ASCE/SEI 7-10 Equation 12.8-1)
Where
Cs = the seismic response coefficient
W = the effective seismic weight
It includes the total dead load and other loads that are likely to be present during an earthquake. For
example, at least 25% of the floor live load in storage areas must be included. Where partitions are present,
the larger of the actual partition weight or 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) must be included. The total operating weight
of permanent equipment must be included. Where the flat roof snow load, Pf , exceeds 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2),
20% of the uniform design snow load, regardless of actual roof slope, is included. The seismic response
coefficient, Cs, is determined by using following equations
CS = SDS /(R/Ie) (ASCE/SEI 7-10 Equation 12.8-2)
CS = SDI/ T(R/Ie) (ASCE/SEI 7-10 Equation 12.8-3)
In no case is CS permitted to be less than 0.044IeSDS or less than 0.01.

6
1.5.1. Fundamental Period Calculation
As an alternative, the approximate fundamental period (Ta) , in seconds, can be found from the following
equation for structures not exceeding 12 stories in height in which the seismic force–resisting system
consists entirely of concrete moment resisting frames and the story height is at least 10 ft (3 m):
Ta = 0.1N (ASCE/SEI 7-10 Equation 12.8-8)

1.6. Total Design Seismic Base Shear

The total design seismic base shear, V, is distributed to each building level in accordance with the following
expressions:
Fx = Cv*V (ASCE/SEI 7-10 Equation 12.8-11)

2.0. Islamabad Response Spectrum

PSHA of Pakistan on 0.1o x 0.1o grid was carried out for probability of exceedance levels of 2%, 5% and
10% in 50, 100 and 250 years. Results have been mainly presented in the form of Hazard Curves. PSHA of
Pakistan revealed the following concluding points: ¾ Earthquake hazard exhibiting annual exceedance
probability expected corresponding to different PGA levels at various locations of interest were presented.
From these information, it was noticed that for 500 years return period (0.002 annual exceedance
probability), the expected ground motion at Islamabad was 0.20g (2.0 m/s2 ).

Figure 1 Seismic hazard map of Pakistan with 2% Probability of exceedance in 250 years

7
Figure 2 Seismic hazard map of Pakistan with 5% Probability of exceedance in 250 years

Figure 3 Seismic hazard map of Pakistan with 10% Probability of exceedance in 250 years

8
PSHA of Pakistan on 0.1o x 0.1o grid was carried out for probability of exceedance levels of 2%, 5% and
10% in 50, 100 and 250 years.
Results have been mainly presented in the form of Hazard Curves. PSHA of Pakistan revealed the following
concluding points:
 Earthquake hazard exhibiting annual exceedance probability expected corresponding to different
PGA levels at various locations of interest were presented. From these information, it was noticed
that for 500 years return period (0.002 annual exceedance probability), the expected ground motion
at Islamabad was 0.20g (2.0 m/s2 ).
 The seismic zoning maps mentioned earlier emphasized more that some regions needed to be
investigated even more extensively due to hazard levels expected there.
 Area near Quetta and Muzaffarabad-Balakot region exhibited the most hazardous localities on the
basis of PSHA.
 Quetta revealed the maximum value of seismic hazard among the main cities of Pakistan on the
basis of probabilistic approach. It had a g-value of 0.3g with probability of exceedance level of
10% in 50 years (475 years Return Period).
 Lahore was found to be the least hazardous place among the main cities of Pakistan.
 Deaggregation of the seismic hazard at different places had resulted in better understanding of
seismic hazard evaluation and different sources having specific magnitude and at specific distances
had revealed different contributions at different places.

9
3.0 Literature of Wind Design

3.1 Calculation of Wind Loads on Structures according to ASCE 7-10

3.1.1 Permitted Procedures
The design wind loads for buildings and other structures, including the Main Wind-Force
Resisting System (MWFRS) and component and cladding elements thereof, shall be
determined using one of the procedures as specified in the following section.
3.1.2 Main Wind-Force Resisting System (MWFRS)
Wind loads for MWFRS shall be determined using one of the following procedures:

(1) Directional Procedure for buildings of all heights as specified in Chapter 27 for
buildings meeting the requirements specified therein;

(2) Envelope Procedure for low-rise buildings as specified in Chapter 28 for buildings
meeting the requirements specified therein;

(3) Directional Procedure for Building Appurtenances (rooftop structures and rooftop
equipment) and Other Structures (such as solid freestanding walls and solid freestanding
signs, chimneys, tanks, open signs, lattice frameworks, and trussed towers) as specified
in Chapter 29;

(4) Wind Tunnel Procedure for all buildings and all other structures as specified in
Chapter 31.

Figure 4 Determination of Wind Load

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3.2 Directional Procedure
Step 1: Determine risk category of building or other structure

Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V, for the applicable risk category. Basic wind speed is a
three- second gust speed at 10 m above the ground in Exposure C.

11
Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:

Table 4 Wind Directionality Factor, Kd

 Exposure category, for each wind direction considered, the upwind exposure shall be based
on ground surface roughness that is determined from natural topography, vegetation, and
constructed facilities.

Surface Roughness B: Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas, or other terrain with numerous
closely spaced obstructions having the size of single- family dwellings or larger.
Surface Roughness C: Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights generally less than
9.1 m. This category includes flat open country and grasslands.
Surface Roughness D: Flat, unobstructed areas and water surfaces. This category includes smooth
mud flats, salt flats, and unbroken ice.

 Topographic factor, 𝐾𝑧𝑡, see Figure 26.8-1.

𝐾𝑧𝑡 = (1 + 𝐾1𝐾2𝐾3)2, where 𝐾1, 𝐾2 and 𝐾3 are given in Fig. 26.8-1. For flat terrains, 𝑲𝒛𝒕 = 𝟎
.

12
Table 5 Topographic Factor

13
 Gust factor, G:

The gust effect factor for a rigid building is permitted to be taken as 0.85.

 Enclosure classification:

Open Building: A building having each wall at least 80 percent open. This condition is expressed
for each wall by the equation Ao ≥ 0.8 Ag where

Ao = total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure

Ag = the gross area of that wall in which Ao is identified

Partially Enclosed Building: A building that complies with both of the following conditions:
1. The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure exceeds the sum of
the areas of openings in the balance of the building envelope (walls and roof) by more than 10
percent.
2. The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure exceeds (0.37 m2)
or 1 percent of the area of that wall, whichever is smaller, and the percentage of openings in the
balance of the building envelope does not exceed 20 percent.
Enclosed Building: It is a building that is not classified as open or partially enclosed.

Table 6 Internal pressure coefficient, 𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖

14
Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient, 𝐾𝑧 𝑜𝑟 𝐾ℎ , see Table 27.3-1. Note that 𝐾ℎ
is constant and calculated for mean height of the building, while 𝐾𝑧 varies with heights measured
from the base of the building.

Table 7 Velocity Pressure Coefficients

15
 Step 5: Determine velocity pressure, 𝑞𝑧 𝑜𝑟 𝑞ℎ , see equation below.

𝑞𝑧 = 0.613 𝐾𝑧 𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝐾𝑑 𝑉2

where:
𝑞𝑧 = velocity pressure calculated at height z, (N/m2)
𝑞ℎ = velocity pressure calculated at mean roof height h, (N/m2)
𝐾𝑑 = wind directionality factor
𝐾𝑧 = velocity pressure exposure coefficient
𝐾𝑧𝑡 = topographic factor
𝑉 = basic wind speed, in m/s
Step 6: Determine external pressure coefficients, 𝐶𝑝

Table 8 Wall Pressure Coefficient

Step 7: Determine wind pressure, p, on each building surface (enclosed and partially enclosed).

16
4.0 Pakistan Building Code
4.1 Modification Factor (R)

Table 9 Modification Factor (R)

17
4.2 Importance Factors (I)

Table 10 Importance Factors as per PBC

18
5.0 Analysis of Structure Using ETABS Software
5.1 Analysis of Wind Design Using ETABS
Windward Wall Pressure

Figure 5 Windward wall pressure on each storey

19
Leeward Wall Pressure

Figure 6 Leeward Wall pressure on each storey

20
5.2 Analysis of Earth Quake in ETABS

Figure 7 Lateral Seismic Forces on each storey of structure

21
5.3 Comparison of Structure before and After Earth Quake

Figure 8 Shape of Structure before earth quake

Figure 9 Deformed Shape of Structure due to Earth Quake

22
References
1. http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2766/1/1486S.pdf
2. http://Pakistanbuilding code 2007
3. ASCE.7.16

23
Wind Design Calculations
Step 1: Building risk category:
 Based on Table 1.5-1, building risk category is IV.

Step 2: Basic wind speed:

 Assuming wind speed as 100 km/hr.
Step 3: Building wind load parameters:
 K d  0.85 (wind directionality factored evaluated from Table 26.6.1)
 Exposure category is D
 K zt 1.0 (Topographic factor for flat terrain)
 Gust factor, G , is 0.85 for rigid buildings
 Building is enclosed
 Internal pressure coefficient for enclosed buildings, 𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 , is  0.18

Step 4: Velocity pressure coefficients, Kh and Kz :

 Kh 1.529 (Interpolating from Table 27.3-1) and Kz varies with

height

Step 5: Determine velocity pressure, qh and qz :

 qh  0.613 Kh Kzt KdV 2 2

100,000
 0.6131.5291.0 0.85   614 N / m2

 60  60 
 q z  0.613 K z K zt K dV 2
2
100,000
 0.613 K z 1.0 0.85   402.05 Kz N / m2

 60  60 

Step 6: External pressure coefficients, Cp :
For L/B=  and using Figure 27.4.1, the external pressure
coefficients are shown in the figure.
Step 7: Wind pressure, p :
For the windward walls,
p  qz GCp  qi G C 
pi
 qz 0.850.8  6140.85 0.18

 0.68 qz  93.942 N / 2m (max)

For the leeward walls,

p  qh GCp  qi G C 
pi

 6140.85 0.5  614 0.85 0.18

 354.892 N / m2 (max)
For the side walls,
p  qh GCp  qi G C 
pi

 6140.85 0.7  6140.85 0.18

 354.892 N / m2 (max)

Height (ft)
Kz qz p
0 to 14 1.02 410.1 372.81
14 to 26 1.13 454.32 402.88
26 to 38 1.21 486.48 424.75
38 to 50 1.27 510.60 441.15
50 to 62 1.32 530.71 454.82
62 to 74 1.36 546.78 456.76
74 to 86 1.389 558.45 473.7
86 to 98 1.425 572.92 483.53
98 to 110 1.455 584.98 491.73
110 to 122 1.485 597.04 499.93
122 to 134 1.52 611.11 509.5
134 to 146 1.528 614.33 511.68