SNI 03-1726-2002

Standar Nasional Indonesia

(Indonesian National Standard)

Design method of earthquake resistance for buildings

Badan Standardisasi Nasional

ICS (National Standardization Agency)
 INTRODUCTION

Earthquake Resistance Design Method for Houses and Building, SNI-03-1726-1989 is

currently 10 years old and building designers have considered it to lack capability of current
technological development. Thus, this method requires revision and shall be adjusted to civil
engineering knowledge so this method will stay accurate in usage.

Furthermore, the awaited SNI design can be completed satisfactorily with the title
“Earthquake Resistance Design Standard for Building Structures” , which is expected to
satisfy the challenge in building construction works, particularly concerning earthquake
resistance for building.

Finally, we would like to thank all parties who have helped in formulation of the Earthquake
Resistance Design Standard for Building Structures, particularly to the Authors led by Prof.
Dr. Ir. Wiratman Wangsadinata

Jakarta, October 2001

Head of Building and Construction

Engineering Committee

SNI 03-1726-2002 i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 COVERAGE ........................................................................................................1

2 Reference ...........................................................................................................1

3 Terms and Notations .........................................................................................1

3.1 Terms ..................................................................................................................1

4 General requirements......................................................................................11
4.1 Design earthquake and building category..........................................................11
4.2 Regular and irregular building structure.............................................................12
4.3 Ductility of the building structure and nominal earthquake loading....................13
4.4 Factored load design and strength ....................................................................17
4.5 Capacity Design.................................................................................................17
4.6 Type of soil and propagation of earthquake wave .............................................17
4.7 Seismic zone and response spectrum ...............................................................19
4.8 Effect of vertical earthquake ..............................................................................24

5 Building structure general design..................................................................24

5.1 Upper and lower structures................................................................................24
5.2 Earthquake load supporting structure ................................................................25
5.3 Floor level as a diaphragm.................................................................................25
5.4 Eccentricity of center of gravity against the rotation center of storey floor.........25
5.5 Structure rigidity .................................................................................................26
5.6 Limitation of fundamental natural frequency period ...........................................27
5.7 Effect of P-Delta.................................................................................................27
5.8 Earthquake loading direction .............................................................................27

6 Regular building structure design .................................................................28

6.1 Equivalent static nominal earthquake load .......................................................28
6.2 Fundamental natural frequency period ..............................................................28
6.3 Equivalent static analysis...................................................................................29

7 Irregular building structure design ................................................................29

7.1 Terms for dynamic response analysis ...............................................................29
7.2 Response spectrum order analysis....................................................................30
7.3 Time history dynamic response analysis ...........................................................31

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8 Building Structure Performance.....................................................................32
8.1 Service Limit Performance.................................................................................32
8.2 Ultimate Limit Performance................................................................................32

9 Earthquake effect on the lower structure ......................................................33

9.1 Earthquake loading from the upper structure.....................................................33
9.2 Earthquake loading from the moment of inertia .................................................35
9.3 Earthquake loading from surrounding soil .........................................................35

10 The effect of earthquake on secondary components, architecture

components and machine and electrical installation...................................36
10.1 Safety coverage .................................................................................................36
10.2 Tie down ...........................................................................................................36
10.3 Correlation between components .....................................................................36
10.4 Automatic cut off of machine and equipment ....................................................36
10.5 The effect of Design Earthquake ......................................................................37

APPENDIX A: EXPLANATION

A.1 Coverage ..........................................................................................................39

A.3 Terms and Notations .......................................................................................39
A.4 General Terms..................................................................................................40
A.5 Building structure general design..................................................................48
A.6 Design of regular building structure..............................................................51
A.7 Irregular shear wall design .............................................................................53
A.8 Building structure performance .....................................................................55
A.9 The effect of earthquake on lower structure .................................................56
A.10 The effect of earthquake on secondary components, architecture
components and machine and electrical installation...................................58

APPENDIX A:
B.1 Factored load and strength design for foundation.......................................61
B.2 Explanation of factored load and strength design for foundation..............62

SNI 03-1726-2002 iii

 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Significance Factor I for various building and construction
categories........................................................................................ 12
Table 2 Ductility parameters of building structure ........................................ 15
Table 3 Maximum ductility factor, maximum earthquake response factor,
extra resistance factor and total extra resistance factor of several
types of building system and subsystems....................................... 16
Table 4 Types of soil .................................................................................... 18
Table 5 Peak acceleration of base rock and peak acceleration of soil
surface for each Indonesian Seismic zone ..................................... 19
Table 6 Design Earthquake Response Spectrum ........................................ 22
Table 7 Coefficient ψ to calculate vertical earthquake response factor Cv... 24
Table 8 Coefficient ζ limiting the fundamental natural frequency
period of building structures ....................................................... 27
Table 9 Structure extra strength factor f2 and total extra strength factor f
contained in the building structure .................................................. 34
Table 10 Performance factor of components for secondary and
architectural components ................................................................ 38
Table 11 Performance factor of components for machine and electrical
installation ....................................................................................... 38
Table P.1 Capacity reduction factor φ for pad and raft foundation type........... 61
Table P.2 Capacity reduction factor φ for pile and bore pile foundation .......... 62

SNI 03-1726-2002 iv
 LIST OF TABLES
Figure 1 Indonesian Seismic zones with base rock peak acceleration with
a reoccurrence period of 500 years ................................................ 21
Figure 2 Design Earthquake Response Spectrum ........................................ 23
Figure P.1 Load-deflection diagram (V-δ) diagram of building structure .......... 42
Figure P.2 Distribution of the Bell-Shaped ln (Ru /Qu ) Component.................. 43
Figure P.3 Ideal collapsing mechanism of a building structure with plastic
joints formed on beam ends, column feet ....................................... 44
Figure P.4 Nominal level shear force diagram along the height of building ..... 54
Figure P.5 Moment – deflection diagram of a plastic joint at column feet or
shear wall feet................................................................................. 57

SNI 03-1726-2002 v
1 COVERAGE
1.1 This standard is intended as a replacement of Indonesian National Standard SNI-03-
1726-1989 to later become the minimum requirements of earthquake resistance design
for building structures, except for building structures defined in Article 1.2.

1.2 The design requirements of earthquake resistant building structures defined in this
standard do not apply for the following buildings:
- Building with uncommon structure system or buildings still requiring proving of their
worthiness.
- Buildings using base isolation system to absorb earthquake effect on the upper
structure.
- Civil Engineering Structures such as bridges, irrigation building, wall sand piers of
harbor, off-shore oil structure, and other non-buildings.
- One storey house and other non-technical buildings.

1.3 This standard has a purpose that the building structure which its earthquake resistance
is designed conforming to this standard can function:
- to prevent human casualties by the collapse of building because of a strong
earthquake;
- to reduce building damage due to light to medium earthquake, so the building is
repairable.
- to prevent tenant discomfort for building tenants during light to medium earthquakes;
- to maintain at all time vital services of building function.

2 Reference
This standard uses references of documents:
- SNI -03-1726-1989, “Earthquake Resistance Design Method for Houses and
Buildings”, the Office of the State Minister of Civil Works, The Directorate of
Technology Education, the Directorate General of Cipta Karya,No. 3 of 1997.
- National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHERP) Recommended
Provisions for Seismic Regulation for New Buildings and Other Structures, 1997
Edition, Part 1 – Provisions, Part 2 – Commentary: FEMA 302, Feb. 1998
- Uniform Building Code (UBC), 1997 Edition, Volume 2, Structural Engineering
Design Provisions, International Conference of Building Officials, April 1997

3 Terms and Notations

3.1 Terms
Except for non conformity or there is no connection with those defined in this Standard,
the definitions apply in this standard are:

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 1 of 63

3.1.1 Analysis
3.1.1.1
light earthquake
An equipment with occurrence probability of only once or with about 60% probability along
the building’s life. This means that for a common building life of 50 years, the light
earthquake reoccurrence period is also 50 years.

3.1.1.2
static push over analysis on a building structure
a 2 dimensional or 3 dimensional linier or non-linier static analysis method, where the effect
of Design Earthquake on the building structure is considered as static loads which catch at
each center of gravity of each floor, which values are increased slowly until exceeding the
loading capacity which first causes yield (plastic joint) in the building structure, and then
further load increase experiences large elasto-plastic shape change until reaching a
condition of about to collapse.

3.1.1.3
equivalent static earthquake load analysis on regular building structure
a 3 dimensional linier static analysis by reviewing equivalent earthquake static loads, related
to regular building structure properties which practically act as a 2 dimensional structure, so
its dynamic response is practically only determined by its first various response and can be
displayed as the result of equivalent static earthquake load.

3.1.1.4
equivalent static earthquake load analysis on irregular building structure
a 3 dimensional linier static analysis by reviewing equivalent earthquake static loads, which
have been described from distribution of dynamic maximum level shear force along the
height of the building received from a 3 dimensional linier elastic dynamic response analysis.

3.1.1.5
wave propagation analysis
an analysis to perform amplification of earthquake wave propagated from the base rock
depth to the soil surface, with data of soil above the base rock and input earthquake
movement on the base rock as the input data.

3.1.1.6
response spectrum order analysis
an analysis method to determine a 3 dimensional building structure dynamic response which
acts fully elastic on an earthquake effect through an analysis method known as the response
spectrum order analysis, where the total dynamic response of the building will result as a
superposition of maximum dynamic response of each order which will result through a
Design earthquake response spectrum.

3.1.1.7
linier time history dynamic response analysis
an analysis method to determine the history of dynamic response time of a 3 dimensional
building structure which acts fully elastic to ground movement due to the Design Earthquake
on nominal earthquake loading level as an input data, where the dynamic response in each
time interval is calculated using a direct integration method or can be through a order
analysis method.

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 2 of 63

3.1.1.8
non-linier time history dynamic response analysis
an analysis method to determine the history of dynamic response time of a 3 dimensional
building structure which acts fully elastic (linier) or elasto-plastic (non-linier) to ground
movement due to the Design Earthquake on nominal earthquake loading level as an input
data where the dynamic response of each time interval calculated using a direct integration
method.

3.1.2 Nominal Load

3.1.2.1
nominal earthquake in general
nominal earthquake load is determined by 3 factors, which are: the number the load
probability has been exceeded in a time period, by the structure ductility level experiencing
the earthquake, and by extra strength contained in the structure. According to this standard,
the probability that the load has been exceeded in the building life span of 50 years is 10 %
and earthquake which causes it is called Design Earthquake (with a reoccurrence period of
500 years), the building ductility level can be determined conforming to needs, while the
extra strength factor f1 for building structures in general is 1.6. Thus, nominal earthquake
load is the load by the effect of Design earthquake causing the first yield in the building
structure, which is later reduced by an extra strength factor f1.

3.1.2.2
nominal live load working on the building structure
load occurring due to occupation or usage of the building, by loads from people or moving
objects or machine and equipment and components which are not a fixed part of the building
which overall values are such as so the probability to exceed the value in a certain time
period is limited to a certain percentage. Generally, probability to exceed the load is in the
building life span of 50 years and is defined to be 10%. Nevertheless, designed live load
usually set in building structure loading standards can be considered as the nominal live
load.

3.1.2.3
nominal dead load
load from its own weight of all fixed building parts, including walls and partitions, columns,
beams, floor, roof, finishing, machines and equipment which are an inseparable parts of the
building which overall value is such so the probability to be exceeded in a certain life span is
limited on a particular percentage. Generally, the probability to exceed the load is in the
building life span of 50 years and is defined to be 10%. Nevertheless, designed dead load
usually set in building structure loading standards can be considered as the nominal dead
load.

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 3 of 63

3.1.3 Ductility
3.1.3.1
ductility
capability of a building to endure big post-elastic deflection repeatedly and alternately due to
earthquake loading over earthquake load which cause the first yielding, while maintaining
sufficient strength and rigidity, so the building structure will still stand, albeit at the condition
of near collapsing.

3.1.3.2
ductility factor
ratio between the maximum deflection of the building structure when reaching the condition
of near collapsing and building structure deflection when the first yielding occurs on the
building structure.

3.1.3.3
fully ductile
a building structure ductility level, where the structure is capable of post elastic deflection
when reaching the condition of near the most severe collapse, which is by reaching a
ductility factor of 3.

3.1.3.4
partial ductility
all building structure ductility levels with intermediate ductility factors for fully elastic building
structure of 1.0 and for fully ductile building of 5.3.

3.1.4 Shear wall

3.1.4.1
cantilever reinforced concrete shear wall
a building structure subsystem which main function is to withstand shear load due to the
Design earthquake, which collapsing is caused by the bending moment (not by shear force)
with the occurrence of plastic joint on its foot, where the yield moment value can reach a
limited increase due to strain hardening. Ratio between height and width of shear wall
cannot be less than 2 and the width cannot be less than 1.5 m.

3.1.4.2
Assembled reinforced concrete shear wall
a building structure subsystem which main function is to withstand shear load due to the
Design earthquake, consisting of two or more shear walls connected by connecting beams
which collapsing occurs with a certain ductility by the occurrence of plastic joints at both end
of the connecting beams and at the feet of all shear walls, where each yield moment can
experience almost all fully due to strain hardening. The ratio between breadth and height of
connecting beams may not exceed 4.

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3.2 Notation
A Design Earthquake peak acceleration at nominal loading level as the input
earthquake for dynamic response analysis of time history of building structure

Am_ Maximum response speed of maximum Earthquake Response Factor at the

Design Earthquake Response Spectrum

Ao Soil surface peak acceleration due to the Design Earthquake which depends on
Seismic zone and type of soil where the building structure is located.

Ar Numerator in the hyperbolic equation of C Earthquake Response Factor in the

Design Earthquake Response Spectrum

b The largest horizontal magnitude of building structure map on the examined level,
measured perpendicular to earthquake loading direction, in subscript denotes the
lower structure.

c In a subscript denoting concrete property

C Earthquake Response Factor state in gravity acceleration which value depends on

the natural frequency period of the building and which curve is shown in the
Design Earthquake Response Spectrum.

Cv Vertical Earthquake Response Factor to get equivalent static nominal vertical

earthquake load on a building structure that has a high sensitivity to gravity load.

C1 Earthquake Response Factor value from the Design Earthquake Response

Spectrum for fundamental natural frequency period of the building structure.

d In a subscript denotes the magnitude of design or shear wall.

dj Horizontal deflection of the ith floor from the results of 3 dimensional analysis of the
building structure due to equivalent static nominal earthquake load catching at the
center of gravity at storey floor levels.

Dn Nominal dead load which can be considered to be equal to the design dead load
set in building structure loading standard.

e Theoretical eccentricity between the center of gravity and center of rotation of

floor levels of a building structure; in a subscript denotes a fully elastic condition.

ed Designed eccentricity b between the center of gravity and center of rotation of

floor levels of a building structure

Ec Concrete electricity modulus

En Nominal earthquake load which value is defined by the probability to exceed the
load in a certain period, by the building ductility value µ it experiences and load
and material extra strength factor f1 included in the building structure.

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Es Steel elasticity modulus (=200 GPa)

f Total extra strength factor included in overall building structure, a ratio between
maximum earthquake load due to the Design Earthquake which can be absorbed
by the building structure when reaching the condition of near collapsing and
nominal earthquake load.

f1 Extra strength factor in materials contained in a building structure due to constant

loading and cross section dimension and excessive installed material strength
which value is defined as 1.6.

f2 Extra strength factor due to building structure hyperstatic which causes

redistribution of forces by the formation of plastic joints which is not simultaneously
synchronized; ratio between maximum earthquake load due to the effect of Design
Earthquake absorbable by the building structure when reaching the condition of
near collapsing and earthquake load when the first yielding occurs.

Fb Equivalent static nominal horizontal earthquake load due to own inertia force
catching at the center of gravity at the level of each basement floors of the building
basement structure.

Fi Equivalent static nominal horizontal earthquake load catching at the center of

gravity at the level of the ith floor of the building upper structure.

Fp Equivalent static nominal horizontal earthquake load catching at the center of

gravity of the secondary component, architecture component and machine and
electrical installation in the most dangerous earthquake direction.

g Gravitational acceleration; in a subscript denotes a rolling moment.

i in a subscript denotes the floor level or soil layer level.

I Building significance factor, a multiplication factor of Design Earthquake effect at

various building categories, to adjust the reoccurrence period of the earthquake
related to the adjustment of probability of the exceeding of the effect for the life
time of the building an adjustment of the building age.

I1 Building significance factor to adjust earthquake reoccurrence period of the

requirement related to adjustment of probability of occurrence of the earthquake
during the life of the building.

I2 Building significance factor to adjust the earthquake reoccurrence period related to

building age adjustment.

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k In a subscript denotes a building structure column

Kp Coefficient value of amplification of secondary response, architecture component

or machine and electricity installation, depending on elevation of its position to
lateral clamping level.

Ln Nominal live load considered to be equal to designed live load defined in the
building structure loading standards.

m Total soil layer above base rocks.

M Bending moment in general

Mgm Maximum rolling moment of the upper structure of a building working on the lower
structure at lateral clamping level when the upper structure is at the condition of
near collapsing due to implementation of total extra strength factor f contained in
the upper structure or due to final yield moment effect on plastic joints at the feet
of all columns and all shear walls.

Mn Nominal moment of building structure component

My Initial yield moment of plastic joints occurring at the ends of building structure
components, column feet, and shear wall feet when the structure, due to the effect
of Design Earthquake, experiences the first yielding.

My,d Initial yield moment of plastic joint occurring on shear wall feet.

My,k Initial yield moment of plastic joint occurring on column feet.

n Floor number of the top level (top floor), total floors of the building structure, in a a
subscript denotes nominal value.

N Result value of Standard Penetration Test on a soil layer; normal force in general

Ni Result value of Standard Penetration Test on the ith soil layer

N Weighted average value of the Standard Penetration Test of soil layers above the
base rock with soil layer thickness as the weight value.

p In a subscript denotes secondary component, architectural component or machine

and electrical installation.

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 7 of 63

P Component performance factor, reflecting secondary component significance
level, architectural component, or machine and electrical installation in its
performance during or after the earthquake happens.

PI Plasticity index of clay

Qn Nominal loading on a building structure, which is a combination of nominal load,

each without multiplication by the load factor.

Qu Ultimate loading on a building structure, which is a combination of ultimate loads,

produced by combination of nominal loads, each is multiplied by the load factor.

R Earthquake reduction factor, a ratio between maximum earthquake load due to the
Design Earthquake on the fully elastic building structure and nominal earthquake
load due to the effect of Design Earthquake on ductile building structure,
depending on ductility factor of the building structure; an irregular building
structure representative earthquake reduction factor.

Rm Maximum earthquake reduction factor to be given by one type of system or

subsystem of a building structure.

Rn Nominal strength of a building structure, produced by nominal strength of its

components, each without multiplication by a reduction factor.

Ru Ultimate strength of a building structure, produced by he ultimate strength of its

components, that is the nominal strength, each multiplied by the reduction factor.

Rx Earthquake reduction factor for earthquake loading at x-axis direction on irregular

building structure

Ry Earthquake reduction factor for earthquake loading at y-axis direction on irregular

building structure.

s In a subscript, denotes subsystem, structure, or steel

Su Non flowing shear strength of soil layer

Sui Non flowing shear strength of the i-th soil layer

Su Weighted average non flowing shear strength with soil layers as the weight value.

ti Thickness of the ith sol layer.

T Building structure natural frequency period stated in seconds which determines the
magnitude of Earthquake Response Factor of the building structure which curve is
displayed in the Design Earthquake Response Spectrum.

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Tl Fundamental natural frequency period of regular or irregular building structure
stated in seconds.

Tc Corner natural frequency period, which is the natural frequency period at the
changing point of diagram C from the flat line to hyperbolic curve at the Design
Earthquake Response Spectrum.

u In a subscript denoting ultimate value.

vs Propagation speed of shear wave.

vs Weighted average propagation speed of shear waves with soil layer thickness as
the weight value.

vsi Shear wave speed at the ith soil layer

V Equivalent static nominal basic shear load (force) due to the effect of Design
Earthquake working at the base level of regular building structure with general
ductility level, calculated based on fundamental natural frequency period of the
regular building structure.

Ve Maximum earthquake loading due to the effect of Design Earthquake which is

absorbable by full elastic building structure on the condition of near collapsing.

Vm Maximum earthquake loading due to Design Earthquake effect absorbable by the

building structure at the condition of near collapsing with implementation of total
extra strength factor f included in the building structure.

Vn Effect of Design Earthquake at nominal loading level for building structure with
general ductility level; effect of Design Earthquake when the first yielding occurs
inside the structure which has been reduced with load and material extra strength
factor f1.

Vs Nominal basic shear force due to earthquake load working on a particular building
structure subsystem at the base level.

Vt Nominal basic shear force

Vxo Nominal basic shear force due to the effect of Design Earthquake at nominal
loading level working at x-axis direction a the ground level of an irregular building
structure.

Vyo Nominal basic shear force due to the effect of Design Earthquake at nominal
loading level working at y-axis direction at the ground level of an irregular building
structure.

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V1 Nominal basic shear force working at the ground level of an irregular building
structure with general ductility level, calculated based on the building’s
structure fundamental natural frequency period.

wn Nominal basic shear load working at the base level of irregular building
structure wit general ductility level, calculated based natural frequency period
of the building structure.

Wb Weight of basement floor of the lowers structure of a building, including

corresponding live load.

Wi Weight of the ith floor level of the upper structure of a building, including
corresponding live load.

Wp Weight of secondary component, architecture component or machine and

electrical installation.

Wt Total building weight, including corresponding live load.

x Coordinate axis direction indicator (also in subscript).

y Coordinate axis direction indicator (also in subscript); in subscript showing

loading on the first yielding in the building structure.

zi Elevation of the ith floor of a building structure from lateral clamping level.

zn Elevation of the n peak level of a building structure from lateral clamping

level.

zp Elevation of the secondary component position, architecture component or

machine and electricity installation from lateral clamping level.

β Reliability index, a number which if multiplied by the A n (Ru/Qu) component

distribution standard deviation , then is reduced from tehe component
average value, resulting in the component value which probability for
exceeding is limited on a particular percentage, where Ru is the examined
ultimate building structure strength and Qu is the ultimate loading on the
building structure.

γ (gamma) General load factor.

γD (gamma-D) Load factor for nominal dead load.

γE (gamma-E) Load factor for nominal earthquake load.

γL ( gamma-L) Load factor for nominal live load.

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δm (delta – m) Maximum deflection of the building structure by the effect of Design
Earthquake when reaching the condition of near collapsing.

δy (delta – m) Deflection of the building structure by the effect of Design Earthquake when
the first yielding occurs.

ζ (zeta) Multiplying coefficient of total floors of the building structure limiting the
fundamental natural frequency of the building structure, according to Seismic
zone.

η (eta) Multiplication factor of building structure deflection by the effect of Design

Earthquake at nominal loading level to get a building structure when the first
yielding occurs.

µ (mu) Ductility factor of building structure, ratio between maximum deflection of

building structure by the effect of Design Earthquake when reaching the
condition of near collapsing and building structure deflection when the first
yielding occurs.

µm (mu-m) Maximum ductility factor value applied by a system or subsystem of building

structure.

ξ (ksi) Multiplication factor of building structure deflection caused by the effect of

Design Earthquake at nominal loading level to get maximum building
structure deflection when reaching the condition of near collapsing.

σ (sigma) Standard deviation of the A n (Ru/Qu) where Ru is the examined ultimate

building structure and Qu is the ultimate loading on the building structure.

Σ (sigma) Summing sign

φ (phi) General strength reduction factor

ψ (psi) Multiplication coefficient of peak acceleration of soil surface (including its

significance factor) to get a vertical requirement response factor, depending
of the Seismic zone.

4 General requirements

4.1 Design earthquake and building category

4.1.1 This standard defines the effect of Design Earthquake that must be examined in the
building structure design and various parts and components in general. Due to the
effect of Design Earthquake, overall building structure must stay erected, albeit in
near collapsing condition. The Design Earthquake is defined to have a reoccurrence
period of 500 years, so its probability in the 50 years building life span is 10%.

4.1.2 For various building categories, depending on the probability of building structure
collapsing for the life of the and expected age of the building, the effect of Design
Earthquake on it must be multiplied with an significance factor I with the equation of:

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 I = I1I 2 (1)

Where I1 is the Significance Factor to adjust the reoccurrence period of the earthquake
related to probability adjustment of the earthquake occurrence for the life of the building,
while I2 is the Significance Factor to adjust earthquake reoccurrence period related to the
building age adjustment. The significance factors I1, I2, and I are defined according to
Table 1.

Table 1 Significance Factor I for various building and construction categories

Significance factor
Building category
I1 I2 I3
General building, such as for residential, trade, and
1.0 1.0 1.0
office
Monument and monumental buildings 1.0 1.6 1.6
Post earthquake important buildings such as
hospital, clean water installation, power plant,
1.4 1.0 1.4
emergency rescue center, radio and television
facilities
Buildings for storing dangerous goods such as gas,
1.6 1.0 1.6
oil products, acid, toxic materials.
Chimneys, towered tanks 1.5 1.0 1.5

Note:
For all building structures which usage permit is issued prior to effectuation of this Standard,
the Significance Factor I can be multiplied by 80%.

4.2 Regular and irregular building structure

4.2.1 A building structure is defined as a regular building under the following terms:

- Height of the building structure measured from lateral clamping level may not be
more than 10 stories or 40 m.

- Shape of the building is rectangular without protrusion, if there is an protrusion, the

length of the protrusion does not exceed 25% of the largest size of the building
structure in the direction of the protrusion.

- The building structure map does not show any corner notch, if there is a notch, the
length of the side of the notch does not exceed 15% of the largest size of the
building structure in the notch side direction.

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 - The building structure system is formed by the lateral load bearer subsystems which
direction is perpendicular to each other and parallel to orthogonal main axis of
overall building structure map.

- The building structure system does not show a leap of the front plane, if a leap of the
front plane, size of the structure map of the building protruding at each direction is
no less than 75% of the largest size of structure map of the lower building part. In
this case, roof house structure which is less than 2-storey tall is not necessarily
considered to cause front plane leap.

- The building structure system has regular lateral rigidity, without any soft level. Soft
level is a level, where its lateral rigidity is less than 70% of lateral rigidity of the levels
above or less than 80% of average lateral rigidity of 3 levels above. In this case,
lateral rigidity of a level is the shear force which if working at that level, will cause
one unit of inter-level deflection.

- The building structure system has regular floor weight, which means that each floor
has a weight of no more than 150% of floor weight of the floor above or below it.
Weight of roof or roof house does not need to satisfy this term.

- The building structure system has vertical components of continuous lateral load
support system, without shift of its center of gravity, except if the shift does not
exceed more than half the component size in the shift direction.

- The building structure system has continuous storey floors, without hole or opening
which area is 50% of all storey floors. If there is any level floor with such hole or
opening, the amount may not exceed 20% of total level floors.

For regular building structure, the effect of Design Earthquake can be examined as the effect
of equivalent static earthquake load, so according to this standard, its analysis can be done
based on equivalent static analysis.

4.2.2 Building structure which does not satisfy the terms according to Article 4.2.1, is
defined as an irregular building structure. For an irregular building structure, the effect of
Design Earthquake must be examined as a dynamic earthquake loading, so its analysis must
be done based on dynamic response analysis.

4.3 Ductility of the building structure and nominal earthquake loading

4.3.1 Building structure ductility factor µ is a ratio of maximum deflection to the building
structure due to the effect of Design Earthquake when reaching the condition of near
collapsing (δm) and building structure deflection when the first yielding δy occurs,
which is:

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 δm
1 .0 ≤ µ = ≤ µm (2)
δy

In equation (2), µ = 1.0, a ductility factor value for building structure acting fully elastic, while
µu is the maximum ductility factor value applicable by the respective building structure
system according to Article 4.3.4.

4.3.2 If Vc is the maximum loading due to effect of Design Earthquake absorbable by a

fully elastic building structure in the condition of near collapsing Vy is the loading that
causes the first yielding in the building structure, then with the assumption that the
fully ductile building structure and fully elastic building structure show equal
maximum deflection δm in the condition of near collapsing, the following correlation
applies:
Vc
Vy = (3)
µ
Where µ is the ductility factor of the building structure.

4.3.3 If Vn is the nominal earthquake loading due to effect of Design Earthquake which
must be examined in building structure design, the following relation applies:
Vy Vc
Vn = = (4)
f1 R

where f1 is the load and material extra strength factor included in the building
structure which value is defined as:

f1 = 1.6 (5)

and R is the earthquake reduction factor according to equation:

1.6 ≤ R = µf1 ≤ Rm (6)

In the equation (6), R = 1.6 is the earthquake reduction factor for fully elastic building
structure, while Rm is maximum earthquake reduction factor the respective structure
system can apply according to Article 4.3.4.

Table 2 shows the R values of various µ related values, with terms that the µ and R
values cannot exceed their maximum values conforming to Article 4.3.4.

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 14 of 63

 Table 2 Ductility parameters of building structure

Building structure µ R
performance level
Fully elastic 1.0 1.6
1.5 2.4
2.0 3.2
2.5 4.0
3.0 4.8
Partially elastic
3.5 5.6
4.0 6.4
4.5 7.2
5.0 8.0
Fully ductile 5.3 8.5

4.3.4 The building structure ductility factor µ in the building structure can be selected
according to needs, but may not be taken more than the maximum ductility factor
applicable by each building structure system or subsystem. Table 3 define µm
applicable by several building structure system and subsystem types, along the
corresponding maximum reduction Rm.

4.3.5 If in the direction of earthquake loading due to effect of Design Earthquake the
building structure consists of several different building structure subsystems, the
representative earthquake reduction factor of the building structure for the
earthquake loading can be calculated as a weighted average value with shear force
held by several subsystem types as the weight magnitude according to the equation:

R=
∑ Vs (7)
∑ Vs / Rs
Where Rs is the earthquake response factor of each building structure subsystem
and Vs is the basic shear force supported by each of the building structure
subsystem, with summing covering all existing building structure subsystem types.
This method can only be used if the ratio between earthquake response factors of
existing building structure subsystems does not exceed 1.5.

4.3.6 For building structure subsystem types not written in Table 3, its earthquake
response factor and ductility factor vales must be defined by rational method, for
example by defining them from static push over analysis).

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 15 of 63

Table 3 Maximum ductility factor, maximum earthquake response factor, extra
resistance factor and total extra resistance factor of several types of building
system and subsystems.
Rm f
Building structure system and subsystem Details of earthquake load bearing system µ m
Equation
(6)
(Equation
39)
1.Supporting wall system 1. Reinforced concrete shear wall 2.7 4.5 2.8
(A supporting system which does not have a complete gravitational 2. Support wall wit light steel frame and tension bracing
1.8 2.8 2.2
load supporting room frame. Supporting walls or bracing system
support all gravitational loads. Lateral load is held by the shear wall 3. Bracing frame where the bracing supports
or bracing frame. gravitational load.
a. Steel 2.8 4.4 2.2
b. Reinforced concrete (not for Zone 5 & 6) 1.8 2.8 2.2
2. Building frame system 1. Steel eccentric bracing frame (RBE) 4.3 7.0 2.8
(A structure system which basically has a complete gravitational load 2. Reinforced concrete shear wall 3.3 5.5 2.8
support space room, lateral load is supported by the shear wall or 3. Common bracing frame
bracing frame. a. Steel 3.6 5.6 2.2
b. Reinforced concrete (not for Zone 5 and 6) 3.6 5.6 2.2
4. Straight concentric bracing frame
a. A Steel 4.1 6.4 2.2
5. Ductile connected reinforced concrete shear wall 4.0 6.5 2.8
6. Fully ductile cantilever reinforced concrete shear wall 3.6 6.0 2.8
7. Partially ductile cantilever reinforced concrete shear
3.3 5.5 2.8
wall
3. Moment supporting frame system 1. Special moment bearing frame
(A structure system which basically has a complete gravitational load a. Steel 5.2 8.5 2.8
support space room. b. Reinforced concrete 5.2 8.5 2.8
Lateral load is supported by the moment supporting frame, particularly 2. Concrete medium moment bearing frame 3.3 8.5 2.8
through a bending mechanism. 3. Common moment bearing frame
a. Steel 2.7 4.5 2.8
b. Reinforced concrete 2.1 3.5 2.8
4. Special moment bearing steel beam frame 4.0 6.5 2.8
4. Double system 1. Shear wall
(consisting of:1) space frame that supports all gravitational load ;2) a. Reinforced concrete with reinforced concrete
5.2 8.5 2.8
lateral load support in form of shear wall or bracing frame with special moment bearing frame
moment supporting frame. The moment supporting frame must be b. Reinforced concrete with steel common moment
designed separately to be able to support at least 25% of all lateral 2.6 4.2 2.8
bearing frame
load;3) both systems must be designed to support jointly all lateral c. Reinforced concrete with reinforced concrete of
load by considering interaction /double system. 4.0 6.5 2.8
concrete medium moment bearing frame
2. Steel eccentric bracing frame
a. With steel special moment bearing frame 5.2 8.5 2.8
b. Only with common moment bearing frame 2.6 4.2 2.8
3. Common bearing frame
a. Steel with steel special moment bearing frame 4.0 2.8
b. Steel with steel common moment bearing frame 2.6 2.8
c. Reinforced concrete with reinforced concrete
special moment bearing frame (not for Zone 5 and 4.0 65.5 2.8
6)
d. Reinforced concrete with reinforced concrete
common moment bearing frame (not for Zone 5 2.6 4.2 2.8
and 6)
4. Special concentric bracing frame
a. Steel with steel special moment bearing frame 4.6 7.5 2.8
b. Steel with steel common moment bearing frame 2.6 4.2 2.8
5. Cantilever column building structure system: (A structure system Cantilever column structure system
1.4 2.2 2
using cantilever column to support lateral load)
6. Shear wall and frame interaction system Common reinforced concrete (not for Zone 3, 4, 5, and 6) 3.4 5.5 2.8
7. Single subsystem (plane structure subsystem forming overall 1. Steel open frame 5.2 8.5 2.8
building structure) 2. Reinforced concrete open frame 5.2 5 2.8
3. Reinforced concrete open frame with pre-stress
3.3 5.5 2.8
concrete beam
4. Fully ductile connected reinforced concrete shear wall 4.0 6.5 2.8
4. Partially ductile connected reinforced concrete shear
3.3 5.5 2.8
wall

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 16 of 63

4.4 Factored load design and strength
4.4.1 By stating that the ultimate strength of a building structure and ultimate limit of the
building structure as

Ru = φ Rn (8)

Qu = γ Qn (9)

where φ is eth strength reduction factor, Rn is nominal strength of the building

structure, γ is the load factor and Qn is the nominal loading at the building structure.,
then according to the Factored Strength and Load Design, the following ultimate
limit condition must be satisfied:

Ru ≥ Qu (10)

4.4.2 By stating nominal dead load as Dn, nominal live load as Ln, and nominal
earthquake load as En, the Factored Load and Strength must be done by
examining the ultimate loading at the building structure as follows:

- for loading combination by dead load and live load:

Qu = γD Dn + γL Ln (11)

- for loading combination by dead load and earthquake load:

Qu = γD Dn + γL Ln + γE En (12)

where γD, γL, and γE are load factors of nominal dead load, nominal live load, and
nominal earthquake load, which values are defined in the building structure loading
or in applicable concrete or steel standards.

4.4.3 Nominal dead load and nominal live load stated in Article 4.4.2 are loads which
values are such as, so probability of existence of heavier loads in the life span of
the building are limited to a particular percentage. Nevertheless, designed dead
load and designed live load defined in the building structure loading standard can
be considered as nominal loads.

4.5 Capacity Design

Building structure must satisfy the requirements “strong column weak beam,” which
means that when the building structure bears the effect of Design Earthquake, plastic
joints the building structure can only occur at beam ends and at column feet and shear
wall feet. Implementation of this requirement in the concrete structure design and steel
structure are defined in the applicable concrete standard and steel standard.

4.6 Type of soil and propagation of earthquake wave

4.6.1 Except if the sol layer above the base rock satisfies defined requirements in Article
4.6.3, the effect of Design Earthquake on the soil surface must be determined from
the analysis result of earthquake wave propagation from the depth of the base rock
to soil surface by using input earthquake movement with peak acceleration for base
rock according to Table 5. Input earthquake accelerogram examined in this
analysis must be taken from recording of soil movement due to the earthquake

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 17 of 63

 received at a location which mimics the geological, topographical, and
seismotectonic condition of the location of the examined building structure. To
reduce uncertainty about this location condition, at least 4 accelerograms of 4
different earthquakes must be examined, one of them must be taken from the EL
Centro N-S Earthquake recorded on May 15, 1940 in Califormia.

4.6.2 Base rock is the rock layer below the soil surface that have the lowest N Standard
Penetration Test result of 60 and there is no other rock layer below it that has a
lower Standard Penetration Test value, or has a shear wave propagation speed vs
reaching 750 m/s or there is no other rock layer underneath which as a shear wave
propagation speed of less than that.

4.6.3 Soil types are determined as Hard Soil, Medium Soil, and Soft Soil, if for the
uppermost layer at a maximum thickness of 30 m the requirements in table 4 are
satisfied:

Table 4 Types of soil

Average Standard Average Non flowing shear
Average shear wave Penetration Test Result strength
Sol type
propagation speed
N Su (kPa)
Hard Soil v s ≥ 350 N ≥ 50 Su ≥ 100
Medium Soil 175 ≥ v s ≥ 350 15 ≤ N < 50 50 ≤ Su < 100
Soft Soil v s < 175 N < 15 Su < 50
or, each profile with soft sol having total thickness of more than 3 m
with PI>20, wn ≥ 40% , and Su < 25 kPa
Special Soil Requires special evaluation at each location.

In table 4, v s ,N,andSu are weighted average values of the components with soil layer
thickness as the weight that must be calculated according to the following equations:

m
∑ ti
i=1
vs = m
(13)
∑ t j / v si
i=1

m
∑ ti
i=1
N= m
(14)
∑ t j / Ni
i=1

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 18 of 63

 m
∑ ti
i=1
Su = m
(15)
∑ t j / Sui
i=1

where ti is the ith soil layer, vsi is the shear wave propagation speed through the ith
soil layer, Ni is the standard penetration test result of the ith soil layer, Sui is the non
flowing shear strength of the ith soil lauer and m is total number of soil layers above
the base rock. Furthermore, in Table 4, PI is the plasticity index of clay, wn in the
soil natural water content and Su is the examined soil layer non flowing shear
strength,

4.4.4 Special Soil mentioned in Table 4 is types of soil that do not satisfy the
requirements written in the table. Besides, special soil also includes soil with high
liquification potential, very sensitive clay, fragile low cemented sand, turf, soil with
high organic content with thickness of more than 3 m, clay with 35 kPa <Su< 50
kPa with thickness of more than 30m. For special type soil, peak soil surface
acceleration must be determined from the analysis result of earthquake wave
propagation according to Article 4.6.1.

4.7 Seismic zone and response spectrum

4.7.1 Indonesia is divided to 6 Seismic zone as shown in Figure 1, where Seismic zone 1
is the area with the lowest earthquake level, and Seismic zone 6 has the highest
earthquake level. This Seismic zone distribution is based on peak acceleration of the
base rock due to effect of Design Earthquake with a reoccurrence period of 500
years, which average values for each Seismic zone is defined in Figure 1 and Table
5.

4.7.2 If the soil surface peak acceleration A0 cannot be achieved from the wave
propagation analysis as mentioned in Article 4.6.1, the soil surface peak acceleration
or each Seismic zone and for each soil type is defined in Table 5.

Table 5 Peak acceleration of base rock and peak acceleration of soil

surface for each Indonesian Seismic zone

Peak Peak acceleration of soil surface Ao (‘g’)

Seismic zone acceleration of
base rock (‘g’) Hard Soil Medium Soil Soft Soil Special Soil
1 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.08 Requires
2 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.20 special
3 0.15 0.18 0.23 0.30 evaluation at
4 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.34 each location
5 0.25 0.28 0.32 0.36
6 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.38

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 19 of 63

4.7.3 Peak acceleration of base rock and peak acceleration of soil surface A0 for Seismic
zone 1 set in Figure 1 and Table 5 are defined as the minimum acceleration to
include in the building structure design to ensure minimum robustness of the building
structure.

4.7.4 To determine the effect of Design Earthquake on the building structure, which is the
equivalent static nominal basic shear load at a regular structure according to Article
6.1.2, nominal basic shear force as a dynamic response of the first order at irregular
building structure according to Article 7.1.3 and basic nominal shear force as a
dynamic response for all varieties participating on irregular building structure
according to Article 7.2.1, for each Seismic zone C-T Design Earthquake Response
Spectrum is defined as shown in Figure 2. In the figure, C is the Earthquake
Response Factor stated in gravity acceleration and T is the natural frequency period
of the building structure stated in seconds. For T = 0, the C equals A0, where A0 is
the peak acceleration of soil surface according to Table 5.

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 20 of 63

 Figure 1. Indonesian Seismic zones with base rock peak acceleration with a reoccurrence period of 500 years

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 21 of 63

4.7.5 Considering the short natural frequency period of 0 ≤ T ≤ 0.2 second, there is an
uncertainty, both in soil movement characteristic or its structure ductility level , the
Earthquake Response Factor C according to Design Earthquake Response
Spectrum defined in Article 4.7.4. In the short natural frequency period range, the
value is taken not less than its maximum value for the respective soil type.

4.7.6 By defining maximum response acceleration Am as

Am = 2.5 Ao (16)

and corner natural frequency period Tc of 0.5 second, 0.6 second, and 1.0 second for
hard, medium, and soft soil types respectively, then by considering Article 4.74 and
Article 4.7.5, the Earthquake Response Factor C is defined by the following equation:

- for T ≤ Tc

C = Am (17)

- for T >Tc

Ar
C= (18)
T

with

Ar = Am Tc (19)

In table 6, the values of Am and Ar are written for each Seismic zone and soil type.

Table 6 Design Earthquake Response Spectrum

Hard Soil Medium Soil Soft Soil
Seismic
Tc = 0.5 second Tc = 0.6 second Tc = 1.0 second
zone
Am Ar Am Ar Am Ar
1 0.10 0.05 0.13 0.080 0.20 0.20
2 0.30 0.15 0.38 0.23 0.50 0.50
3 0.45 0.23 0.55 0.33 0.75 0.72
4 0.60 0.30 0.70 0.42 0.85 0.85
5 0.70 0.35 0.83 0.50 0.90 0.90
6 0.83 0.42 0.90 0.54 0.95 0.95

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 22 of 63

 Seismic zone 3
Seismic zone 3

(Soft soil)
(Medium soil)
(Soft soil)
(Hard soil)
(Medium soil)

(Hard soil)

Seismic zone 3 Seismic zone 4

(Soft soil) (Soft soil)

(Medium soil) (Medium soil)

(Hard soil)
(Hard soil)

Seismic zone 5 Seismic zone 6

(Soft soil) (Soft soil)

(Medium soil) (Medium soil)

(Hard soil)
(Hard soil)

Figure 2 : Design Earthquake Response Spectrum

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 23 of 63

4.8 Effect of vertical earthquake

4.8.1 Building structures that have high sensitivity to gravitational load sauce as balcony,
canopy, and long span cantilever beam, transfer beam at high raise building
structure supporting gravitational load from two or more levels above it and long span
pre-stressed concrete beam must be calculated against vertical movement of soils
surface due to effect of Design Earthquake, in form of equivalent static nominal
vertical earthquake load to be examined whether it works upward or downward which
value must be calculated as a multiplication C vertical Earthquake Response Factor ,
and gravitational load, including the corresponding live load.

4.8.2 The C1 vertical earthquake response factor mentioned in Article 4.8.1 must be
calculated by the equation:

Cv = ψ A0 I (20)

where the ψ coefficient depends on the Seismic zone where the building structure is
located and defined according to Table 7, and A0 is the peak acceleration of soil
surface according to Table 5, while I is the building Significance Factor according to
Table 1.

Table 7 Coefficient ψ to calculate vertical earthquake response factor Cv

Seismic zone ψ
1 0.5
2 0.5
3 0.5
4 0.6
5 0.7
6 0.8

5 Building structure general design

5.1 Upper and lower structures

5.1.1 The upper structure of a building is all building structure located above ground level,
while the lower structure is all building structure parts located underground,
consisting of basement structure – if exists – and /or its foundation structure. All
lower structures must be calculated to bear the effect of the Design Earthquake.

5.1.2 If soil-structure interaction analysis is not done, the upper structure and lower
structure of a building structure can be analyzed against the effect of Design
Earthquake separately, where the upper structure can be assumed to be laterally
clamped on base ground level. Furthermore, the lower structure can be considered
as a separate structure underground loaded by combination of earthquake loads
from the upper structure, the earthquake load from its own inertial force and
earthquake load from its surrounding soil.

5.1.2 On buildings without basement, clamping level of the upper structure can be
assumed to occur on the direct foundation footing, assembly foundation footing plane
and the upper plane of pile foundation heads,

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 24 of 63

5.1.4 If imperfect clamping is assumed from the upper structure of the building on the
building lower structure, the building’s upper structure must calculate against the
effect of lateral or rotational deformation of the lower structure.

5.1.5 In designing the upper structure or lower structure of a building on the effect of
Design Earthquake, the lower structure may not fail before the upper structure. For
this, on the effect of Design Earthquake , the lower structure must act fully elastic,
not depending of ductility level the upper structure has.

5.2 Earthquake load supporting structure

5.2.1 In designing a building structure against the effect of Design Earthquake, all building
structure components, both building structure subsystem and prts of building
structure system such as the frame (portal), shear wall, columns, beams, floors,
floors without beams (mushroom floor) and their combinations, must be calculated to
bear the effect of Design Earthquake.

5.2.2 Ignoring the bearing of effect of Design Earthquake by one or more columns or
building structure subsystem mentioned in Article 5.2.1 is only allowed if bearing
participation of the earthquake effect is less than 10%. In this case, the component or
subsystem, other than to gravitational load, must also be designed against deflection
of building structure system due to effect of Design Earthquake on a fully elastic
building structure, which is against deflection of R/1.6 of deflection caused by
nominal earthquake load on the building structure, where R is the earthquake
reduction factor of the building structure and 1.6 is the earthquake reduction factor
for fully elastic structure (R=f1).

5.2.3 In a structure system consisting of combination of shear walls and open frames,
nominal basic shear load due to effect of Design Earthquake working on open frames
may not be less than 25% of total nominal shear load working in the direction of the
earthquake load.

5.3 Floor level as a diaphragm

5.3.1 Floor level concrete roof and floor system with a building structure binding can be
assumed to be very rigid in its plane and thus can be considered to work as a
diaphragm on horizontal earthquake load.

5.3.2 Storey floors, concrete roof and floor system which are not rigid in their planes,
because they contain hole or opening which area is more than 50% of all storey floor
areas, will experience a deformation in their planes due to horizontal earthquake
load, which must be calculated for effect on the horizontal earthquake load
distribution at all existing storey structure system.

5.4 Eccentricity of center of gravity against the rotation center of storey floor.
5.4.1 The center of gravity of storey floor of a building structure is the resultant point of
dead load, including corresponding live load working at that floor. On the building
structure design, the center of gravity is the resultant point of equivalent static load or
dynamic earthquake force.

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 25 of 63

5.4.2 Storey level rotation center of a building structure is a point at the storey floor which if
a horizontal load is working on it, the storey floor will not rotate, but only translates,
while the other levels not experiencing horizontal load will all rotate and translate.

5.4.3 Between the center of gravity and the center of rotation, a designed eccentricity ed
must be examined. If the largest horizontal size of the building structure a the storey
floor, measured perpendicular to earthquake loading direction, is stated as b, the
designed eccentricity ed must be determined as follows:
- for 0 < e ≤ 0.3 b:
ed = 1.5 e + 0.05 b (21)
or
ed = e – 0.05 b (22)

and selected between both which effect is the most determining for the examined
building structure component or subsystem:
- for e > 0.3 b:
ed = 1.33 e + 0. 1 b (23)
or
ed = 1.17 e – 0.1 b (24)

and selected between both which effect is the most determining for the examined
building structure component or subsystem.

5.4.4 In designing a building structure against the effect of Design Earthquake, designed
eccentricity ed between the center of gravity and the center of rotation at the storey
floor according to Article 5.4.3 must be examined both in 3 dimensional static
analysis and dynamic analysis.

5.5 Structure rigidity

5.5.1 In a building design against effect of Design Earthquake, the effect of concrete
cracking on structural components of reinforced concrete, pre-stressed concrete and
composite steel must be calculated against its rigidity. For this, the moment of inertia
of the structure cross section can be determined to be equal to the moment of inertia
of complete cross section with a cross sectional effectiveness percentage as follows:
- for open reinforced concrete frame column and beam : 75%
- for cantilever reinforced concrete shear wall : 60%
- for connected reinforced concrete shear wall : 50%
* wall component experiencing axial tension : 50%
* wall component experiencing axial compression : 80%
* connecting beam component with diagonal reinforcement : 40%
* connecting beam component with longitudinal reinforcement : 20%

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 26 of 63

5.5.2 Concrete modulus of elasticity Ee must be defined according to quality (compression
strength) of concrete used, while steel modulus of elasticity is defined as Es =
200 GPa.
5.5.3 In designing building structure against effect of Design Earthquake, structural
component rigidity defined in Article 5.5.1 must be used in both 3 dimensional static
and dynamic analysis.

5.6 Limitation of fundamental natural frequency period

To prevent a usage of over flexible building structure, the fundamental natural
frequency period T1 of the building structure must be limited, depending on the
coefficient ζ for the Seismic zone where building is located and its storey total n is
according to the equation

T 1<ζ n (25)

where the coefficient ζ is defined according to Table 8.

Table 8 Coefficient ζ limiting the fundamental natural frequency period

of building structures

Seismic zone ζ
1 0.20
2 0.19
3 0.18
4 0.17
5 0.16
6 0.15

5.7 Effect of P-Delta

A building structure which height measured from the lateral clamping level is more than
10 stories or 40 m, must be calculated against the effect of P-delta, which is a
phenomenon appearing on flexible building structure, where the large sideway
deflection due to lateral earthquake load causing additional lateral load due to rolling
moment occurring by gravity which meeting point deflects sideways.

5.8 Earthquake loading direction

5.8.1 In designing building structure, the main direction of effect of Design Earthquake
must be defined so it will give the largest effect on subsystem components and
overall building structure system.

5.8.2 To simulate the direction of any effect of Design Earthquake on the building
structure, the effect of earthquake loading in the main direction defined by Article
5.8.1 must be assumed to be 100% effective and must be assumed to occur
simultaneously with the effect of earthquake loading in the perpendicular direction on
the main direction of the loading, but only with 30% effectiveness.

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 27 of 63

6 Regular building structure design

6.1 Equivalent static nominal earthquake load

6.1.1 A regular building structure can be designed against nominal earthquake loading due
to effect of Design Earthquake in the direction of each main axis of the structure map,
in form of equivalent static nominal earthquake load, which is defined further in the
following articles.

6.1.2 If a building category has a Significance Factor of 1 according to Table 1 and its
structure for a main axis of the structure map and loading direction of Design
Earthquake has a earthquake reduction factor R and fundamental natural frequency
period T1, the equivalent static nominal basic shear load V occurring at the base level
can be calculated according to the equation:
C1I
V= W1 (26)
R

where C1 is the Earthquake Response Factor received from the Design Earthquake
Response Spectrum according to Figure 2 for fundamental natural frequency period
T1, while W1 is the building total weight, including the corresponding live load.

6.1.3 Nominal basic shear load V according to Article 6.1.2 must be distributed along the
height of the building structure to be equivalent static nominal earthquake loads Fi
working at the center of gravity at the ith level according to equation:
Wi zi
Fi = n
(27)
∑ Wizi
i=1
where Wi is the floor weight of the ith floor including corresponding live load, zi is the
floor height of the ith floor measured from lateral clamping level according to Article
5.1.2 and Article 5.1.3, while n is the number of the topmost level floor.

6.1.4 If the ration between the height of the building structure and its map size in the
earthquake loading direction equals or exceeding 3, then 0.1 V must be considered
as a horizontal loads centralized at the center of gravity of the uppermost level, while
the remaining 0.9 V must be distributed along the height of the building structure to
be equivalent static nominal earthquake load according to Article 6.1.3.

6.1.5 On the tank above the tower, equivalent static nominal earthquake load V must be
considered to work at the center of gravity of all building structure and tank and its
contents.

6.2 Fundamental natural frequency period

6.2.1 Fundamental natural frequency period of a regular building structure in each main
axis direction can be determined using Rayleigh formula as follows:

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 28 of 63

 n
∑ Widi
i=1
T1 = 6.3 (28)
g∑ i=1Fd
n
i i

where Wi and Fi have the same meaning as mentioned in Article 6.1.3, di is the
horizontal deflection of the ith floor stated in mm and ‘g’ is the gravitational
acceleration defined to be 9810 mm/sec2.

6.2.2 If the fundamental natural frequency period T1 of building structure for determination
of the Earthquake Response Factor C1 according to Article 6.1.2, defined using
empirical formulas or from a 3 dimensional free vibration analysis result, the values
cannot differ more than 20% of calculated values according to Article 6.2.1.

6.3 Equivalent static analysis

Considering that on regular building structure, nominal earthquake loading due to effect
of Design Earthquake can be displayed as equivalent static nominal earthquake loads Fi
working at the center of gravity of storey floors, the effect of the equivalent static
nominal earthquake loads can be analyzed using a common 3 dimensional static
analysis method where in this case it is called 3 dimensional equivalent static analysis.

7 Irregular building structure design

7.1 Terms for dynamic response analysis

7.1.1 For irregular building which does not satisfy the requirements stated in Article 4.2.1,
the effect of Design Earthquake on the building structure must be determined
through a 3 dimensional dynamic response analysis. To prevent the response of
building structure on earthquake loading dominant in rotation, from the analysis result
of the 3 dimensional free vibration, at least the first (fundamental) order movement
must be dominant in the translation.

7.1.2 Irregular building structure ductility must be defined to be representatively

representing a 3D structure ductility. The ductility level can be stated in a
representative earthquake reduction factor R, which value can be calculated as a
weighted average value of earthquake response factor for 2 direction orthogonal
coordinate axis with basic shear force working on the building structure at each
direction as the weight value according to equation:
Vxo + Vyo
R= (29)
Vxo / R x + Vyo / R y

Where Rx and Vxo is the earthquake response factor and basic shear force for
earthquake loading in x direction ,while Rx and Vyo is the earthquake response factor
and basic shear load for earthquake loading in y direction. This method can only be
used if the ratio between earthquake response factor values for the 2 earthquake
loading directions do not exceed 1.5.

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 29 of 63

7.1.3 The final value of building structure dynamic response on nominal earthquake
loading due to effect of Design Earthquake in a particular direction cannot be taken
less than 80% of the first order response value. If the building structure dynamic
response is stated in nominal basic shear force V, the requirements can be stated
according to the following equation:

V ≥ 0.8 V1 (30)

where V1 is the nominal basic shear force as the first order response on due to effect
of Design Earthquake according to equation:

C1I
V1 = Wt (31)
R

with C1 is the Earthquake Response Factor resulting from the Design Earthquake
Response Spectrum according to Figure 2 for the first natural frequency period T1, I
is the Significance Factor according to Table 1, and R is the representative
earthquake reduction factor of the respective building structure, while W1 is total
weight of the building including corresponding live load.

7.2 Response spectrum order analysis

7.2.1 Irregular building structure dynamic response calculation on nominal earthquake
loading due to effect of Design Earthquake can be done using a response spectrum
order analysis using a Design Earthquake Response Spectrum according to Figure 2
which ordinate value is calculated with a correction factor I/R, where I is the
Significance Factor according to Table 1, while R is the representative earthquake
reduction factor from the respective building structure. In this case, total vibration
order examined in the order response total using this method shall be such that mass
participation in producing total response must reach at least 90%.

7.2.2 Summing of order responses mentioned in Article 7.2.1 for irregular building structure
which has adjacent natural frequency periods, must be done using a method known
as the Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC). The natural frequency period must
be considered adjacent, if their difference is less than 15%. For irregular building
structure which has a significantly different natural frequency periods, summing of
the order responses can be done using a method called Square Root of the Sum of
Squares (SRSS).

7.2.3 To satisfy the requirements conforming to Article 7.1.3, the value nominal level shear
force due to effect of Design Earthquake along the height of the building structure
from the analysis of response spectrum in an particular direction, must be calculated
with a Scale Factor:
0.8V1
Scale Factor = ≥1 (32)
V1
where V1 is the nominal basic shear load as the first order dynamic response only
and Vt is the nominal basic shear force from the performed response spectrum order
analysis result.

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 30 of 63

7.2.4 If required, from the nominal level shear force diagram or curve due to effect of
Design Earthquake along the height of the building structure which value has been
adjusted according to Article 7.2.3, the respective equivalent static nominal
earthquake loads can be determined (a difference of shear force from 2 consecutive
levels), which if necessary, their diagrams are modified conservatively first to get a
better distribution of equivalent static nominal earthquake loads along the length of
building structure. This equivalent static nominal earthquake loads can then be used
in a common 3 dimensional equivalent analysis.

7.3 Time history dynamic response analysis

7.3.1 If required, calculation of irregular building structure dynamic response on the effect
of Design Earthquake, can be done using a 3 dimensional dynamic analysis method
in form of time history linier and non-linier dynamic response with an earthquake
accelerogram quantified as the movement of input soil.

7.3.2 For designing a building structure through the time history linier dynamic analysis to
the effect of Design Earthquake on nominal earthquake level, the original soil surface
acceleration from the input earthquake must be scaled to the nominal earthquake
loading level, so its peak acceleration value A becomes:

A oI
A= (33)
R

where Ao is the peak acceleration of soil surface according to Table 5, R is the

representative earthquake reduction factor of the respective building structure, while I
is the Significance Factor according to Table 1. Furthermore, the requirements in
Article 7.1.3 must also be satisfied and thus the Scale Factor used is similar to that
defined in Article 7.2.3, only here Vt is the maximum basic shear force occurring at
the ground level resulting from the time history response analysis result done. In this
analysis, the structure absorbance to calculate can be determined as 5% of critical
absorbance.

7.3.3 To study the post-elastic properties of the building structure on effect of Design
Earthquake, a time history non-linier dynamic response analysis must be done,
where the original soil surface acceleration of the input earthquake must be scaled,
thus its peak acceleration value will equal AoI, where Ao is the peak acceleration of
soil surface according to Table 5 and I is the Significance Factor according to
Table 1.

7.3.4 Input earthquake accelerogram examined in the time history linier and non-linier
dynamic response analysis, must be taken from the soil movement record caused by
the earthquake received at a location with similar geological, topographical, and
seismotectonic condition with the location where the examined building is located. To
reduce the uncertainty about this location, at least 4 accelerograms of 4 different
earthquakes must be examined, one of which must be an accelerogram of the El
Centro N0S Earthquake recorded at May 15, 1940 in California.

7.3.5 Because soil movement caused by an earthquake at a location cannot be predicted

precisely, as an input earthquake, simulated soil movement can also be used.

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 31 of 63

 Parameters determining this simulated soil movement among else consists of soil
predominant vibration period, response spectrum configuration, movement duration
and earthquake intensity.

8 Building Structure Performance

8.1 Service Limit Performance

8.1.1 Service limit performance of a building structure is defined by the inter-level
deflection due to effect of Design Earthquake, which is to limit the occurrence of steel
yielding and excessive concrete cracking, besides to also prevent non-structural
damage and discomfort for the inhabitants. This inter-level deflection must be
calculated from the building structure deflection due to effect of Design Earthquake
which has been divided by a Scale Factor.

8.1.2 To satisfy the requirements of building structure service limit performance, in all
aspects, inter-level deflection calculated from the building structure deflection
according to Article 8.1.1 may note exceed 0.03 of height of the respective level or 30
R
mm, whichever is lower.

8.2 Ultimate Limit Performance

8.2.1 The ultimate limit performance of the building structure is determined by the
deflection and maximum inter-level deflection of the building structure due to effect of
Design Earthquake when the building structure is near collapsing, to limit the
occurrence possibility of building structure collapsing which can cause human
casualties and to prevent dangerous collisions between buildings or between
earthquake load parts separated by separation space (dilatation clearance).
Conforming to Article 4.3.3., these deflection and inter-level deflection must be
calculated from the building structure deflection because of the effect of nominal
earthquake, multiplied by a factor ξ as follows:
- for regular building structure:
ξ = 0.7 R (34)

- for irregular building structure:

0.7R
ξ= (35)
ScaleFactor

where R is the building structure earthquake reduction factor and the Scale Factor is
as defined in Article 7.2.3.

8.2.2 To satisfy the building structure ultimate limit performance requirements, in all
conditions, the inter-level deflection calculated from the building structure deflection
according to Article 8.2.1 may not exceed 0.02 of the respective storey height.

8.2.3 The separation distance between building must be determined at last equal to total
maximum deflection of each building structure at that level calculated using the
method in Article 8.2.1. In all conditions, each of the distances may not be les than
0.025 of height of that level measured from the lateral clamping level.

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8.2.4 Two building structure parts not designed to cooperate as a unit in handling the effect
of Design Earthquake, must be separated each other with a separation clearance
(dilatation clearance) which width is at least must equal total each deflection of the
building structure parts at that level, calculated using a method mentioned in Article
8.2.1. In all conditions, width of the separation clearance may not be set to be less
than 75 mm.

8.2.5 The separation clearance as mentioned in Article 8.24 must be designed in details
and performed in such a way, so it is always free from debris or obstructive objects.
Width of the separation clearance must satisfy all execution tolerance.

9 Earthquake effect on the lower structure

9.1 Earthquake loading from the upper structure

9.1.1 Conforming to Article 5.1.5 that due to effect of Design Earthquake, the lower
structure may not fail earlier than the upper structure, the lower structure must be
able to support maximum earthquake loading due to effect of Design Earthquake Vm
absorbable by the upper structure in the condition of near collapsing according to
equation:
Vm = f2 Vy (36)
where Vy is the earthquake loading due to effect of Design Earthquake causing the
first yielding I the building structure and f2 is the extra strength factor of the structure
due to the hyperstatics of the building which causes redistribution of forces by
simultaneous asynchronous plastic joint formation. The structure extra strength factor
f2 which value depends on the ductility factor value µ of the respective building and is
defined according to equation:
f2 = 0.83 + 0.17 µ (37)
Then by considering Article 4.3.3, maximum earthquake loading due to effect of
Design Earthquake Vm can be calculated from nominal earthquake loading Vn
according to equation:
Vm = f Vn (38)
where f is called total extra strength factor existing in the building structure, which is
determined according to earthquake:
f = f1 f2 (39)
with f1 = 1.6 as the extra strength factor of load and materials. Table 9 shows the
values of f2 and f for various values of µ, along the respective earthquake reduction
factor R, on the terms that the µ and R values cannot exceed their maximum values
according to Article 4.3.4.

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 Table 9 Structure extra strength factor f2 and total extra strength factor f contained
in the building structure

structure
R f f
performance µ
equation (6) (equation (37) (equation 39)
level
Fully elastic 1.0 1.6 1.00 1.6
Partially elastic 1.5 2.4 1.09 1.7
2.0 3.2 1.17 1.9
2.5 4.0 1.26 2.0
3.0 4.8 1.35 2.2
3.5 5.6 1.44 2.3
4.0 6.4 1.51 2.4
4.5 7.2 1.61 2.6
5.0 8.0 1.70 2.7
Fully ductile 5.3 8.5 1.75 2.8

9.1.2 With the equivalent static nominal earthquake load Fi on a building structure acting
on the ith storey floor center of gravity and at the elevation zi measured from lateral
clamping level according to Article 5.1.2 and Article 5.1.3, the maximum nominal
rolling moment loading from the upper structure on the lower structure acting fully
elastic conforming to Article 9.1.1 must be calculated according to equation:

n n
Mgm = f ∑ F1zi =f2 ∑ F1zi = (40)
i=1 i=1

In equation (40), R is the earthquake reduction factor for fully elastic structure (R=f1)
and n is the floor number of the highest level. This maximum nominal rolling moment
works on the lower structure along the corresponding normal load (vertical) and
shear load (horizontal).

9.1.3 Considering that on the upper structure of the building which due to effect of Design
Earthquake is in the condition of near collapsing a possibility of occurrence of plastic
joints at all column feet and all feet of the shear walls exists, the rolling moment
worked by the final yield moment of all the plastic joints must be examined as a
rolling moment loading possibility of the upper structure on the lower structure. In this
case, if My,k is the plastic joint initial yield moment on shear wall feet, each is
calculated for the respective normal force, where its interaction diagram N-M to
calculate yield moment of each is calculated based on cross section dimension and
strength of installed material, maximum nominal rolling moment loading of the upper
structure on the lower structure must be calculated using equation:
1 ⎛ ⎞
Mgm = ⎜ ∑ My,k + ∑ My,d ⎟ (41)
1.6 ⎝ column wall ⎠

In equation (41), 1.6 is the extra strength factor of load and material f1and summing
must be done covering all columns and all shear walls existing on the building upper
structure. Maximum nominal rolling moment according to equation (41) working on
the lower structure along the respective normal load (vertical) and shear load
(horizontal).

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9.1.4 Maximum nominal rolling moment from the upper structure and on the lower
structure acting the determining fully elastic, is the one with the lowest value
between those calculated according to equation (40) and equation (41). But in all
conditions, the value of the maximum nominal rolling is not necessarily bigger than
nominal rolling moment value occurring due to effect of Design Earthquake on the
building upper structure acting fully elastic, which can be written according to
equation:
R n
Mgm ≤ ∑ Fzi i
1.6 i=1
(42)

Ini equation (42), R is the earthquake reduction factor of the respective upper
structure and 1.6 is the earthquake response factor for fully elastic structure (R=f1).

9.1.5 Considering that the upper structure of a building in real situation due to the effect of
soil-structure interaction is not fully clamped on the lateral clamping level, it is
intended that this imperfect clamping effect can be calculated rationally, which
depends on soil type and existence of basement.

9.2 Earthquake loading from the moment of inertia

9.2.1 Considering that in the real condition due to the effect of soil-structure interaction by
the effect of Design Earthquake between the lower structure and it surrounding soil
kinematics and in inertial interaction exist, the mass of the basement floors
experience acceleration, it has its own inertial force working as a horizontal
earthquake load on the basement floor level, which must be calculated to load overall
basement structure.

9.2.2 If the equivalent static nominal horizontal earthquake load due to own inertia Fb
working on the center of gravity of basement floor and lower structure acting fully
elastic cannot be determined using a more rational method, according to Article
9.2.1, it can be calculated from equation:
Fb = 0.10 Ao I Wb (43)

where Ao is the peak acceleration of soil surface due to effect of Design Earthquake
according to Table 5, I is the Significance Factor of the respective building according
to Table 1, and Wb is the weight of the basement floor, including corresponding live
load.

9.3 Earthquake loading from surrounding soil

9.3.1 If a more rational method cannot determine, basement wall and other components of
lower structure must be calculated against soil pressure of the front soil due to effect
of Design Earthquake, which value can be considered to have reached the soil yield
pressure value along the basement depth. The soil yield pressure working on the
fully elastic lower structure must be concerted into nominal soil pressure by dividing it
with the earthquake response factor R=f1=1.6 for fully elastic structure.

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 35 of 63

9.3.2 In the calculation of the lower structure of a building as a 3 dimensional structure, the
existence of back soil must be examined by modeling it as compression springs and
if required, the existence of side and bottom soil (foundation) can be examined by
modeling them as shear springs. The properties of compression spring and shear
springs must be described rationally from the corresponding soil and foundation data.

10 The effect of earthquake on secondary components, architecture components and

machine and electrical installation

10.1 Safety coverage

10.1.1 The secondary components, architecture components and machine and electrical
installation must be secured against the effect of Design Earthquake, because these
components can harm human if they fail, while machine and electrical installation
must continue to function during and after the earthquake.

10.1.2 Objects stored in a museum and similar objects with high history or cultural values,
which are not structural components, must be tied and secured against the effect of
Design Earthquake. For details of the tie down, an advice from an expert is required.

10.2 Tie down

10.2.1 Each secondary component, architecture components such as ornaments, pre-cast
concrete panel and building external cover, and machine and electrical installation,
must be tied tightly its building structure to withstand the effect of Design Earthquake.
Shear resistance due to gravity cannot be included in designing shear resistance of a
component or installation against horizontal earthquake force.

10.2.2 Tie down components, including anchor bolts, must be rustproof, have sufficient
ductility and tie down power. In case of pre-cast concrete panels, their anchors must
be welded or tied to panel reinforcements.

10.3 Correlation between components

10.3.1 The effect of one component on other correlated components must be considered.
Failure of a secondary component, architectural components or machine and
electrical installation designed against the effect of a particular earthquake, may not
cause failure on other correlated components and those designed against higher
earthquake loads.

10.3.2 Interaction between secondary components, architecture components and machine

and electrical installation must be prevented by creating a separation clearance
according to Article 8.2.4.

10.4 Automatic cut off of machine and equipment

If continuance of operation of a machine or equipment during the earthquake
movement can cause a significance risk, a system which automatically shuts down
operation of a machine or equipment when a particular soil surface acceleration
starts, must be made.

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10.5 The effect of Design Earthquake
10.5.1 Each of the secondary components, architecture components and machine and
electrical installation must be designed against an equivalent static nominal
earthquake load Fp working in the most dangerous distance which value can be
determined according to equation:
C1
F = K pPWp (44)
R
where C1 is the Earthquake Response Factor from the Design Earthquake Response
Spectrum according to Figure 2 for fundamental natural frequency period of the
building structure bearing the secondary components, architecture components and
machine and electrical installation, where the weight of each is Wp, while R is the
earthquake reduction factor of the bearing structure and Kp and P are respective the
response amplification coefficient and performance factor of the components defined
in the following articles.

10.5.2 The response amplification coefficient reflects the response amplification of

components or installation against the response of building structure bearing the
response, depending on elevation of its position on the building structure. If it is not
calculated using a more rational method, the response amplification coefficient Kp
can be calculated using equation:
zp
Kp = 1 + (45)
zn

where zp is the elevation position of the component or installation and zn is the

elevation of building top floor, both are measured from lateral clamping level
according to a 5.1.2 and Article 5.1.3.

10.5.3 The performance factor component P reflects the significance level of the component
or installation in its performance during or after the earthquake occurs. If not defined
using a more rational method, the performance factor component P is determined in
Table 10 and Table 11.

10.5.4 The natural frequency period of secondary components, architecture components

and machine and electrical installation, which value is adjacent to natural frequency
period of the building supporting them must be avoided, because they will cause
dangerous resonance phenomenon. If the natural frequency period ratio between
both is between 0.6 and 1.4, the component performance factor P must be multiplied
by 2, except if a special analysis is done.

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 37 of 63

 Table 10 Performance factor of components for secondary and architectural
components

Secondary and architectural components Performance factor component P

1. Separation walls and partitions
- Wall bordered with exit corridors or public places where a particular 4
resistance against fire is required.
- Cantilever and support walls 4
- Walls and room separation partition 2.5

2. Ornaments pre-cast concrete panel and building external cover, along their 8
tie down equipment.
3
3. Ceiling system hung on the building structure with coverage plate which
weight exceeding 20 N per piece;
- over an important room (surgery room in a hospital), exit corridors and 2
public places or at places requiring a particular resistance against fire;
- over working areas and common residences:
4. Room equipment at the exit corridors or any equipment which will pose risk of
affected by an earthquake.
5. Clean water tank and chimneys integrated with building with weight not 2.5
exceeding 10% of the building weight.
6. Roof house structure or machine room on top of building. 2.5

Table 11 Performance factor of components for machine and electrical installation

Machine and electrical installation Performance factor of component P

1. High pressure tank, steam boiler, furnace, burner, water heater or other 6
equipment using high temperature combustion energy sources

2. Liquid or gas tank above the tower for:

- toxic liquid or gas, alcohol, acid, alkali, glowing metal or other dangerous 6
material
- fire water sprinkler 6

3. Switchgear, transformer, power station, electric motor control equipment. 6

4. Light fixtures and fitting

- tight fitting 2.5
- sway fitting 2.5

5 Distribution pipe system along its contents:

- tightly tied for toxic and dangerous liquid 63
- tightly tied for clean water 3
- flexibly tied for toxic and dangerous liquid 8
- flexibly tied for clean water 5

6 Racks for storage of batteries and dangerous equipment 4

7 Elevator machine, guiding rails 3

8 Emergency equipment which must instantly function after an earthquake 6

occurs,

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 38 of 63

 Appendix A
EXPLANATION

A.1 Coverage
A.1.1 With this effectuation of this Standard, this article stresses on the cancellation of the
old standard, SNI 03-1726-1989. This is important, because according to this
standard, the Design Earthquake has a reoccurrence period of 500 years, while the
old standards states it as 200 years. It is known that if an earthquake reoccurrence
gets longer, its effect on a building structure gets worse. Furthermore, in this
standard, a new definition is given about types of soil which differs with those in the
old standard. Thus, it is clear that the old standard cannot be used any longer.
Nevertheless, earthquake resistance of an existing building structure designed using
the old standard generally still applies. Several reasons will confirm this. First, the
earthquake reduction factor R according to the old standard is relatively lower than
the value in this standard. For example, for fully ductility structure, in the old
standard, R = 6, while in this Standard, R = 8.5, so the earthquake loads to consider
in the old and new standard do not differ much. Both, with new soil type definition,
many soil types which according to the old standard is considered as Soft Soil, in this
standard are categorized into Medium Soil, so the calculated earthquake load will
approach each other more. Third, existing buildings have run part of their ages, so
with the same risk of occurrence of building structure collapse in their remaining age,
the earthquake load to consider will be relatively lower than it is in this Standard for
new buildings.

A.1.2 This article states that this Standard does not apply for buildings mentioned in the
article. Nevertheless, main principles defined in this Standard also apply for the
buildings, as long as their ductility values and other specific properties are adjusted.
Evidently, definition of soil types, Indonesian seismic zone map and response
spectrum apply for both.

A.1.3 This article in short explains the philosophy of earthquake resistance design of a
building structure, which is because of a strong earthquake, a structure will
experience severe damage, but because it did not collapse, human casualties can be
prevented, while in light earthquake, the occupancy comfort is still guaranteed,
occurring damage is repairable and building function vital services can still run.

A.3 Terms and Notations

A.3.1 Notation
In this article, definition of various types of analysis faced in the building structure
earthquake resistance design is given, so there is no other interpretation about the
analysis other than the one defined in this article. Furthermore, this article also
defines the meaning of nominal load, particularly nominal earthquake load in relation
to usage of Factored Load and Strength Design in designing the building structure
component strength design. In European literature, the nominal load is called
characteristic load. Then , this article also defines the meaning structure ductility
which is very important to understand, considering that that the ductility factor value
which define the magnitude of earthquake load working on that structure for design,
can be selected by the planner or building owner. Finally, this article defines the
meaning of reinforced concrete shear wall to remind the planner, that reinforced
concrete shear wall can be made more ductile by connecting the wall to other shear

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 39 of 63

 walls through reinforced concrete connection beams as a device for plastification to
occur.

A.3.2 Notation
In this article, all important notations used in this standard is explained, so through
this article, the users of this Standard can easily find the meaning of a notation,
without finding the article that firstly include the notation.

A.4 General Terms

A.4.1 Design Earthquake and building category

A.4.1.1 This article gives a definition of Design Earthquake, the one related to buildings
that have common functions, without any specialty, particularity, or significance in
their functions, which have total storeys between 10 and 30, where the age is
considered to be 50 years. With 10 % probability of occurrence in the 50 years
building life span, according to the probability theory, this Design Earthquake has
a reoccurrence period of 500 years. This Design Earthquake causes the building
structure to reach the condition of near collapsing, but still standing to prevent
human casualties. This reflects the first point of building structure design
philosophy according to Article 1. For building of this category, I1 = 1.0 and I2 =
1.0 apply (see Talble 1).

A.4.1.2 This article adjusts the earthquake reoccurrence period which cause the buildings
to reach the condition of near collapsing with building category. Because multi
storey buildings, monuments and monumental areas have common functions,
without any specialty, particularity or other significance in usage, the probability of
occurrence of the earthquake in the life span of the building is defined as 10%, so
I1=1.0 applies. But building life span differs. Buildings up to 10 floors high, due to
various reasons and intentions generally have a life of less than 50 years, so I2 < 1
because the earthquake reoccurrence period is less than 500 years. Buildings
over 30 floors high, monument and monumental buildings have a long service life,
even must be preserved for the future generation, so I2 > I1 because the
earthquake reoccurrence period is more than 500 years. Post earthquake
important buildings (hospital, clean water installation, power plant, emergency
rescue center and radio and television facilities), building posing high risk to the
environment if damaged by an earthquake (storage for dangerous materials) or
endangering nearby buildings if it collapses because of an earthquake (chimney,
tank above a tower), have a similar usability age with general function buildings,
which is about 50 years, so I2 = 1.0. But the probability of occurrence of the
earthquake during the life span of the building must be differentiated and all must
be less than 10%, so I1>I because the earthquake reoccurrence period is more
than 500 years. The combination of I1 and I2 for several building categories is
defined in Table 1, including its I multiplication.

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 40 of 63

A.4.2 Regular and irregular building structures
A.4.2.1 A building structure can be categorized into regular building structure, if it satisfied
the terms given in this article. This regular building structure is generally symmetric
in the map with structure system formed by system supporting lateral load with
perpendicular direction and parallel to orthogonal main axis of the map. If for the
3D analysis coordinate axis is taken parallel to the direction of main axis of
structure map, then a free vibration analysis is done, on the regular building
structure, the first order movement will be dominant in translation in the direction of
one main axis, while the second order movement will be dominant in translation in
the other main axis. Thus, the 3D structure of regular building practically acts as a
2D structure in each of the main axis. It will be explained later (see A.6.1.1) that the
effect of earthquake on regular building structure by implementing Order Analysis
method can be considered as a equivalent static earthquake load calculated only
as its fundamental order dynamic response.

A.4.2.2 If a building structure does not satisfy the terms defined in Article 4.2.1, we are
dealing with an irregular building. For irregular building structure, the effect of
earthquake on the building must be analyzed dynamically. By implementing a
Order Analysis method, the response on dynamic earthquake is a superposition of
dynamic response of participating orders.

A.4.3 Building Structure Ductility and Nominal Earthquake Loading

A.4.3.1 From this article, it is shown that on fully elastic structures, the structure condition
of near collapsing reached along the first yielding in the structure (δm = δy).
Furthermore, this article defines that not all types of building structure system can
act fully ductile by reaching µ = 5.3. The maximum ductility value µm reachable by
various structure systems is defined in Table 3. For designing a building structure,
the µ value can be selected by the planner himself or the building owner, as long as
it satisfies 1.0 ≤ µ ≤µm. Furthermore, see A.4.3.4.

A.4.3.2 Assumptions adopted in this article, is that ductility building structure and fully
elastic building structure due to effect of Design Earthquake shows equal maximum
deflection δm in the condition of near collapsing (constant maximum displacement
rule), usually adopted in earthquake resistance design standards for building
structure, to get a simple correlation between Vy and Vc through µ. This assumption
is conservative, because in real condition, ductility building structure has a
relatively larger δm than elastic building structure, so it has a relatively larger µ than
the one assumed. The adopted assumption is visualized in the load-deflection
diagram (V-δ diagram) shown in Figure P.1.

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 41 of 63

 elastic

ductile

Figure P.1 Load-deflection diagram (V-δ) diagram of building structure

4.3.3 In this article, nominal earthquake loading Vn is defined due to effect of Design
Earthquake that must be examined in building structure design. The Vn value is
certainly will be lower than Vy in such so the environment Vy/Vn ratio represents
extra strength factor and load and material f1 contained in a building structure. This
extra strength factor is formed by the installed strength of structure components to
plan through the Factored Load and Strength Design. Theoretically, the minimum
value of f1 is the multiplication of load factor and material factor used in the
Factored Load and Strength Design, which is f1 = 1.05 x 1.15 = 1.2. In this case,
the material factor is the reciprocal of capacity reduction factor (= 1/φ). In reality,
there is always excessive structure component strength, because total installed
reinforcements or profiles is more than necessary, so in general, f1 > 1.2. For
building structure in general, according to several researches, the actual
representative f1 value is about. Meanwhile, the earthquake response factor value
R changes following the change of µ value conforming equation (6). Table 2 shows
the R values for various µ values. Visually, the correlation among Vc, Vc, Vy, Vn, µ
and R is shown in Figure P.1.
Equation (4) is the basic equation to determine nominal earthquake loading at the
building structure. If Vy is known, for example by calculation of cross section
capacity of installed components or from static push load analysis of overall
structure, then Vn = Vy/f1. If Vc is known, for example from analytical calculation
through response spectrum dynamic response analysis, then Vn = Vc /R. For the
later, µ is certainly must be known first (see A.4.3.6).

A.4.3.4 This article defines Table 3 that contains the maximum ductility factor values µm
which can be given by several building structure system or subsystem types from
the results of various researches, along the respective Rm values. For each system
or subsystem written in Table 3, we can certainly select a µ value which is lower
than its µm value. A lower selected µ values shows a higher earthquake load to be
absorbed by the building structure, but the required detailing will be simpler in
correlation between components of the structure.

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 42 of 63

A.4.3.5 This article gives an opportunity to the planner to assemble overall structure
system type from particular subsystem types with known R values. The
representative R value of overall structure is then calculated from equation (7),
which shows the weighted average value with base shear load working at each
subsystem as the weight value. For this, a preliminary analysis of the building
structure is required based on a random earthquake load (random R) to get the
ratio of base shear load working on each subsystem.

A.4.3.6 For uncommon structure system types, which generally have unknown µ value, the
value must be found first using rational methods, for instance through a static push
load analysis. From this analysis, δy and δm can be found, so µ can be calculated.
Furthermore, from the analysis, Vy is also known, so Vn can be calculated by
dividing it by f1.

A.4.4 Factored Load and Strength Design

A.4.4.1 In this article, Factored Load and Strength Design is formulated in general with the
following philosophy. A structure or structure component of a building is safe, if Ru -
Qu ≥ 0, or Ru/Qu ≥ 1 or A n Ru/Qu ≥ 0. The distribution of the A n Ru/Qu component
shows a bell shaped curve which has a standard deviation σ as shown in Figure
P.2. By introducing a reliability index β, the A n Ru/Qu component value targeted to
have a particular probability to exceed can be stated as the average value of the
A n Ru/Qu component minus β σ multiplication as shown in Figure P.2. After agreed
in general, that the capacity reduction factor φ and load factor γ must show a value
combination in such a way that the A n Ru/Qu component value target is reached
with the reliability index of at least β = 3 for loading combination by dead load and
live load and at least β = 2 for loading combination by dead load, live load, and
earthquake load. It is based on this term, various design standards define
combination of φ and γ values which can be different among standards, yet satisfy
the value target stated above.

Frequency distribution

Probability of
exceeding

Target value Average value

Figure P.2 Distribution of the Bell-Shaped ln (Ru /Qu ) Component

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 43 of 63

A.4.4.2 Values of load factors γg, γl, and γE are not given in this article, because they are
already defined in building structure loading standard /or in applicable concrete
/steel standards. The same also applies to capacity reduction factors φ which
values are not given in this Standard, because it has been determined in applicable
concrete and steel standards. In this case, it can be noted that according to several
researches, combination of load factors and capacity reduction factor defined I
Indonesian standards, have satisfied the targeted minimum β mentioned in A.4.1.

A.4.4.3 Not many researches have been done about nominal value of dead load and live
load, because to get an accurate distribution system, the research will require a
long time (for the life of the building) to get an accurate distribution curve. Thus, as
long as the nominal values of both types of load are not yet available, their values
defined as the design load value in various loading standards can be used. In
European literature, nominal load is called characteristic load.

A.4.5 Capacity Design

A.4.5.1 The ductility factor of a building is a basis for determining earthquake load working
on a building structure. Thus, the achievement of expected ductility level must be
guaranteed. This can occur by determining a requirement called “strong column
weak beam” as defined in this article. This means that due to effect of Design
Earthquake, plastic joints in the building structure may only occur on beam ends
and on column feet and shear wall feet. Ideally, the collapsing mechanism of a
building structure is as shown in Figure P.3.

plastic joint

column
shear wall

beam

plastic joint
plastic joint

Figure P.3. Ideal collapsing mechanism of a building structure with plastic

joints formed on beam ends, column feet.

A.4.6 Soil Types and Propagation of Earthquake Wave

A.4.6.1 Earthquake wave propagates through the base rock below the soil surface. From
the depth of this base rock, the earthquake wave then propagates to the soils
surface while experiencing amplification, depending on how many layers of soil are
over the base rock. It is this soil movement amplification that must be determined
by performing an earthquake wave propagation analysis mentioned in this article.
Furthermore, this article stresses that each accelerogram contains uncertainty to
be used at a location. Thus, at least 4 accelerograms from separate earthquakes
must be examined. The El Centro Earthquake is taken as the standard, because its
accelerogram contains a wide frequency, recorded at medium distance from the
epicenter and with medium (not extreme) amplitude.

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A.4.6.2 This article gives a definition about base rock based on two criteria, which are the
result value of Standard Penetration Test N and shear wave propagation speed vs.
In practice, generally the first definition is the one used, considering that the N
value is a standard data always found in geotechnical investigation result of a
study, while to get the vs value, special tests are required on the site. If both criteria
are available, the determining criterion is the one that results in a softer rock type.

A.4.6.3 This article gives a definition of types of Hard Soil, Medium Soil, and Soft Soil
based on three criteria: the shear wave propagation speed vs, the result value of
the Standard Penetration Test N and non flowing shear strength Su. To determine
type of soil encountered, at least 2 of the 3 criteria must be available, where the
criterion that produces the softer soil is the determining one. If all 3 criteria are
available, the type of soil encountered must be supported by at least 2 criteria.
From various researches, it is apparent that only the 30 m uppermost layer will
decide the amplification of soil movement on the soil surface. Thus, the weighted
average value of the 3 criteria must be calculated until reaching the depth of 30 m
only. This determination of depth limit is also important to standardize the
calculation of average value according to equation (13), (14), and (15), considering
that more depth will result in higher average value.

A.4.6.4 This article gives a clue about which soil types are included in Special Soil.
Because the properties of these soil types cannot be formulated in general, all their
properties must be evaluated specifically at each location where the soil is found.
This article stresses that at each Special Soil, earthquake movement at the soil
surface must be determined from the analysis result of earthquake wave
propagation. In the this earthquake wave propagation analysis, earthquake
accelerograms must be taken from vibration record caused by existing earthquake
or from a location with geological, topographical and seimotonic conditions similar
to location where the examined special soil is found. Considering that soil
movement due to earthquake at a location cannot be predicted precisely, as an
input earthquake, simulated earthquake vibration can be used. Determining
parameters in this simulated earthquake vibration among else are predominant
vibration period, response spectrum configuration, vibration time period, and its
earthquake intensity.

A.4.7 Seismic zone and response spectrum

A.4.7.1 Indonesian Seismic zone Map included in this article is the result of probabilistic
seismic hazard analysis done for all Indonesian areas based on the latest
seismotonic available this time. The input data for this analysis is the location of
earthquake source, distribution of earthquake magnitude at earthquake source
areas, attenuation function which gives a correlation between local soil movement,
earthquake magnitude at the epicenter, and distance from the examined location to
the epicenter, minimum and maximum amplitude and mathematical model of the
earthquake event. As the epicenter area, all epicenters recorded in Indonesian
seismic history have been examined, which are the epicenters at subduction zone,
shallow epicenter at the earth’s plate, or epicenters at identified active faults. About
the distribution of earthquake magnitude at the seismic zone, it has been calculated
bsed on available seismic data. This data is better known as the Gutenebrg-Richer
magnitude frequency diagram. As the attenuation function, several types of
function have been examined, which are those proposed by Fukushima & Tanaka
(1990), Youngs (1997), Joyner & Boore (1997), and Crouse (1991), with examined
local soil movement in form of peak acceleration of base rock. The earthquake
event is mathematically modeled following the Poisson function. In this earthquake

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 45 of 63

 risk probalisistic analysis, peak acceleration of base rock comes from calculation
processes respectively as follows: (1) total probability by examining all possibilities
of amplitude and distance, (2) total probability in one year, (3) probability of an
event in one year (Poisson function) and (4) reoccurrence period (which is a
reciprocal of probability in one year). The earthquake risk probabilistic analysis
result, after plotted on the Indonesian map in form of contour lines of base rock
peak acceleration with a reoccurrence period of 500 years (Design Earthquake
reoccurrence period) later becomes a base to determine seismic zone borders.
This study has been done by several independent researcher groups, where each
result is a little different with the other. The seismic zone map determined in this
article is the averaging result of studies of all the aforementioned researcher
groups.

A.4.7.2 Average base rock accelerations for Seismic zone 1 to 6, after determination are
respectively 0.03 g, 0.10 g, 0.15 g. 0.20 g, 0.25 g, and 0.30 g. With this base rock
acceleration, the soil surface peak acceleration (Ao) is determined for Hard Soil,
Medium Soil, and Soft Soil, are determined according to Table 5, one and another
as a result of comparative study with foreign standards, among else are the
National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program of 1997 (NEHRP 1997) and
Uniform Building Code of 1997 (UBC 1997). For instance, if we examine the
NEHRP 1997, base rock is about equivalent to S1, while Hard Soil, Medium Soil,
and Soft Soil is about equivalent to S2, S3, and S4 respectively.

A.4.7.3 This article is intended to give a minimum robustness to building structures in

Seismic zone 1. So the required minimum earthquake load is the effect an
earthquake which is not the Design Earthquake. In the building regulation of a
neighboring country, Singapore, which is bordered with Earthquake Area 1, there is
a term that correlates to the building robustness that is each building structure must
be calculated against nominal horizontal loads at each floor level of 1.5% from
nominal dead load of the floor level. According to this Article 4.7.3, a short building
structure (short T) in Seismic zone 1 on Medium Land with an earthquake response
factor R of about = 7 (partially ductile) must be calculated against the earthquake
response factor of 0.13 I/R = 0.13 x 0.8/7 = 0.015, so it matches the value defined
in Singapore. Thus, this article can be said to maintain the continuity of cross
nation border regional seismic continuity, and thus it differs from the old standard,
where the Seismic zone 1 is a zone totally free from earthquake.

A.4.7.4 Generally, the response spectrum is a diagram providing relationship between

maximum response speed of Single Freedom Degree system due to a particular
input earthquake, as a function of absorbance factor and natural frequency period
of the Single Freedom Degree system. The C-T response spectrum defined in this
article for each Seismic zone, is a diagram providing relationship between
maximum response acceleration (=Earthquake Response Factor) C and natural
frequency period T of the Single Freedom Degree system, where the Single
Freedom Degree system is considered to have a critical absorbance factor of 5%.
The condition T=0 means that the Single Freedom Degree system is very rigid and
thus follows the soil movement completely. Thus, for T = 0, maximum response
speed becomes identical with soil surface peak acceleration (C=A0). Thus, the
response spectrum shape shows a random function which for an increasing T,
shows a value which initially increases until reaching a maximum value, then
decreases asymptotically approaching T axis. In this article, the shape is
standardized (idealized) as follows: for 0 ≤ t ≤ 0.2 second, C increases linearly from
Ao to Am, for 0.2 second ≤ Tc, C has a constant value of C=Am, for T>Tc, C follows

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 46 of 63

 the hyperbolic function C = Ac/T. In this case, Tc is called the corner natural
frequency period. Idealization of this hyperbolic function means that for T . Tc, the
respective maximum response speed has a constant value.

A.4.7.5 From various investigations, it is apparent that for 0 ≤ T ≤ 0.2 second, there are
various uncertainties, both in the soil movement characteristic itself or in ductility
properties of the respective Single Freedom Degree system. Thus, for 0 ≤ T ≤0.2
second, it is defined the C must be taken equal to Am. Thus, for T ≤ Tc, the
response spectrum correlates with the maximum response acceleration which has
a fixed value, while T >Tc correlates with mc response speed which has a fixed
value.

A.4.7.6 Various investigation results show that Am ranges between 2 A0 and 3 Ao, so Am =
2.5 A0 is an average value considered suitable for design. Then, from various
investigation result, it is also apparent that as a good approach, for Hard Soil,
Medium Soil, and Soft Soil types, the corner natural frequency period Tc can be
taken 0.5 second, 0.6 second, and 1.0 second respectively.

A.4.8 The effect of vertical earthquake

A.4.8.1 The experience form the Northbridge Earthquake (1994) and the Kobe Earthquake
(1995) have shown that many building components that have a high sensitivity
against gravity load, experienced severe damage due to soil movement vertical
acceleration. This article defines what components to examine against the effect of
vertical acceleration of the soil movement. The real dynamic response analysis of
the components against the soil vertical movement due to an earthquake is very
complicated, because there is an interaction between overall component response
and structural response. Thus, in this article, the problem is simplified by examining
the effect of soil movement vertical speed due to the earthquake as an equivalent
static nominal vertical earthquake load.

A.4.8.2 It can be understood that the vertical component of soil movement due to the effect
of the earthquake will relatively gets bigger if the examined location is closer to the
epicenter. In this article, soil movement vertical acceleration is defined as a
multiplication of a coefficient ψ with soil surface peak acceleration Ao. As the
seismic of an area gets higher, the area is closer to the epicenter, so the value of
the coefficient ψ increases from 0.5 to 0.8, for Zone Area from 1 to 6, according to
Table 7. Equation (20) shows that in the vertical direction, the structure is assumed
to completely follow soil vertical movement, not depending on its natural frequency
period and ductility. In this equation, the earthquake response factor is considered
to have been calculated. Later, the factor I is to be determined by the category of
building we deal with.

SNI 03 – 1726-2002 Page 47 of 63

A.5 Building structure general design
A.5.1 Upper structure and lower structure
A.5.1.1 In designing building structure with internal basement consisting of multi layers,
there is a complicated soil-structure interaction problem. The problem will get more
complicated, if several high raise buildings have one common basement. Thus, this
article simplifies the problem by separating the examination of upper structure from
the lower structure.

A.5.1.2 By separating the examination of upper structure and lower structure, the upper
structure can be considered to be clamped to the ground floor level, while the lower
structure can be examined as a separate 3D structure underground which
experiences a loading from the upper structure, from its own inertia force and from
the surrounding soil.

A.5.1.3 This article defines the lateral clamping level of the upper structure, if there is no
basement.

A.5.1.4 Although soil-structure interaction is not examined, sometimes imperfect clamping

on column feet and shear wall feet are considered. This imperfect clamping is in
form of lateral and rotational deformation at the clamping level, and certainly the
effect of both on the upper structure must be calculated.

A.5.1.5 At each earthquake event, it is impossible for a building upper structure to show a
good behavior, if its lower structure has failed earlier. To prevent the occurrence of
such phenomenon, the lower structure must be designed to act fully elastic all the
time. Thus, nominal load on the lower structure as the effect of Design Earthquake,
must be defined based on µ = 1 and R = f1 = 1.6, as applies for fully elastic
structure.

A.5.2 Earthquake load supporting structure

A.5.2.1 In this article, it is stressed that all structure component, both parts from subsystem
or parts of overall structure system, must be calculated to support the effect of
Design Earthquake. Basically, there may not be structure components which
participations are ignored in supporting the effect of the earthquake, except if it
satisfied Article 5.2.2.

A.5.2.2 After it is proved that earthquake load support participation of a component or

structure system is less than 10%, the participation can be ignored. Nevertheless,
the component or structure system must be calculated against building structure
deflection due to the effect of nominal earthquake, if the building structure acts fully
elastic.

A.5.2.3 This article repeats the terms in Table 3 for double system. It means that the open
portals which have a relatively low lateral rigidity still have a particular minimum
installed strength, to give a better guarantee of good resistance against
earthquake.

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A.5.3 Level floor as a diaphragm
A.5.3.1 With the assumption that level floors (as also concrete roof and floors with ties)
working as a diaphragm, which means it has a tremendous rigidity on its plane,
then on earthquake load of each storey level, there are degrees of freedom, which
are translations in each coordinate axis direction and rotation through rotation
center of the floor level.

A.5.4.2 The rotation center of level floors according to this article is unique foe each
building structure and does not depend on earthquake load distribution along the
height of the building structure. Due to the earthquake load working at the center of
gravity located eccentrically on the level floor rotation center, the level floor shows
3 types of deflection, they are translations in each direction of coordinate axis and
rotation through the level floor rotation center, according to the degrees of freedom
the building has (see A.5.3.1). Thus, the effect of Design Earthquake on a building
structure must be analyzed in 3 D, both in static and dynamic analysis.
Rotation center is not the center of rigidity or the center of shear as also known in
structure engineering. The center of rigidity of a building structure is a point at each
level (between two floors) which if shear load of all levels working on the building
jointly, all the building structure (which means all levels and floors) does not rotate,
but only translates. Thus, the center of rigidity is not unique for a building structure,
but depends on earthquake load distribution along the height of the building
structure. Examination of the center of rigidity is not relevant in the context of level
floor rotation movement.

A.5.4.3 This article defines a design eccentricity between the center of gravity and the
center of rotation at each level floor, considering that in reality, the eccentricity can
divert far from the theoretically calculated value. There are 2 sources of this
diversion. The first source is a dynamic amplification due to non-linier structure
behavior on post elastic earthquake loading step. The second source is the
existence of rotation component of soil movement through a vertical axis,
difference in structure rigidity value, steel yield strength value, dead load value, and
live load value and distribution, between the theoretically calculated and real
condition values. Correlated to the 2 aforementioned sources of diversion, the
design eccentricity ed consists of 2 component. The first component which is a
function of theoretical eccentricity e is to handle the effect of first source. The
second component which is a function of the largest horizontal magnitude of
building structure map, perpendicular to earthquake load direction b is to handle
the second effect source. The effect of the first source is more dominant at low
eccentricity (0<e≤ 0.3b), while the second source is more dominant at high
eccentricity ( e > 0.3 b). At the limit of e = 0.3, the resulting design ed is certainly
equal.

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A.5.4.4 This article stresses that the design eccentricity between the center of gravity and
the center of rotation must be examined both in static analysis and dynamic
analysis. It is considered not reasonable to differentiate the eccentricity in both
types of analysis.

A.5.5 Structure rigidity

A.5.5.1 In this article, the method for determination of effective moment of inertia of
structure component cross section is standardized, where the defined effective
percentage of the cross section is based on the results of various researches.
Thus, overall structure rigidity is calculated through a uniform method, so the
structure behavior (deflection, natural frequency period) can also be studied
through uniform criteria.

A.5.5.2 This article provides the terms about modulus elasticity of concrete Ec and modulus
elasticity of steel Es.

A.5.5.3 This article stresses that the effective moment of inertia as defined in Article 5.5.1
applies both in static analysis and dynamic analysis to calculate deflection and
natural frequency period of the building structure. It is considered not reasonable to
differentiate rigidity calculation into the two types of analysis.

A.5.6 Limitation of fundamental natural frequency period

Usage of an over-flexible building structure shall be prevented. In this article, it is
done by limiting the value of the fundamental frequency period. There are 4 periods
to limit the fundamental frequency period of a building structure, which are:
- to prevent excessive P-Delta effect.
- to prevent excessive inter-level deflection on earthquake loading level which
causes the first yield, which is to ensure the comfort of occupancy and to limit the
possibility of structure damage due to steel yielding and excessive concrete
cracking and non structure damage.
- to prevent excessive inter-level deflection at maximum earthquake loading level,
which is to limit the possibility of structure collapsing which will cause human
casualties.
- to avoid a too low installed structure strength (capacity), considering that the
building structure with long fundamental frequency period absorbs low
earthquake load (seen from C-T response spectrum) , so occurring internal force
in the structure components produce low installed strength.

In this article, the fundamental frequency period limit values of a building structure is
defined as a multiplication of a coefficient ξ and total level n owned by the building. In
Table 8, the coefficient ξ is defined as the function of Seismic zone seismic where
the building structure resides. This is considering that the lower the seismic, the less
determining the earthquake load on gravitational load, so the effect of limitation of
fundamental frequency period will decrease. Giving penalty to a very flexible building
structure by a prerequisite minimum C value on in the C-T response spectrum can
actually add comfort, but will not change its behavior.

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A.5.7 The effect of P-Delta
High raise buildings are generally flexible, so an earthquake can cause significant
large deflection which will bring significant of P-Delta effect. According to this article,
the P-Delta effect must be reviewed if the height of the building exceeds 10 floors or
40 m.

A.5.8 Earthquake loading direction

A.5.8.1 On regular building structure, where the building structure is formed by lateral load
supporting subsystems perpendicular and parallel to orthogonal main axis of
building structure map, the main determinative earthquake loading main direction
cannot be ensured beforehand. Thus, the main direction of earthquake loading
must be found by trial and error by examining several possibilities.

A.5.8.2 Earthquake loading direction on each building structure in reality is random, so

generally, there are always 2 components of requirement load in each orthogonal
axis direction working simultaneously. Non full and biaxial earthquake loading can
bring a more complicated effect on the building structure compared to full and
uniaxial earthquake loading. This condition is anticipated in this article by defining
that earthquake loading in the main direction 100% must be assumed to work
simultaneously with earthquake loading in its perpendicular direction, but examined
30%.

A.6 Design of regular building structure

A.6.1 Equivalent static nominal earthquake load
A.6.1.1 In dynamic response analysis of an earthquake effect, a building structure is
modeled as a system of Multiple Degrees of Freedom (MDF). By implementing the
Order Analysis method, the MDF system movement equations in form of
interrelated simultaneous second order differential equations, can be released from
the interrelation to be separate equations, each forming MDF system movement
equations. This is done through a coordinate transformation with eigenvector matrix
as its transformation matrix. Total dynamic response of the MDF system later
shows itself as a superposition of dynamic response of each order. This dynamic
response of each order forms a dynamic response of a Single Freedom Degree
system, where a higher order gives a lower dynamic response contribution in
producing total dynamic response. On a regular building structure, as explained in
A.4.2.1, acting as a 2 D structure, its fundamental dynamic response is very
dominant, so the dynamic response of other orders can be ignored. Then,
considering that the building structure is not too high (less than 10 storeys or 40 m),
fundamental order form can be considered to follow a linier line (not a curve any
longer). With these two simplifications, from further description in Order Analysis,
regular building structure dynamic response can be displayed as if it is a result of
an equivalent static earthquake load, which is defined in this article.

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A.6.1.2 This article sets how to define equivalent static base shear load V, related to
equivalent static earthquake load mentioned in A.6.1.1. As seen from its
description, this equivalent static base shear load can be stated in the dynamic
response of Single Freedom Degree system related to its fundamental order only,
so it can be defined using a mediator of C-T Design Earthquake Response
Spectrum set in Article 7.7.4 (Figure 2), as stated by equation (26). In this equation,
the factor I is to determine the category of building we deal with, while R is from
making the earthquake load to be nominal earthquake load conforming to selected
ductility factor for the building structure.

A.6.1.3 Equation (27) is a part of equivalent static earthquake load description result
mentioned in A.6.1.1, simultaneously giving the terms on how to distribute nominal
base shear load V along the building structure height to be equivalent static
nominal earthquake loads Fi.

A.6.1.4 This article correlates with a relatively very flexible building structure in the
earthquake direction (a “thin” building), which frequently shows a whip effect. The
centralized load 0.1 V installed at the top floor level simulates this whip effect.

A.6.1.5 With the terms in this article, calculation of over-the-tower tank is conservative. For
a more accurate calculation, distribution of its structure mass can definitely be
calculated.

A.6.2 Fundamental natural frequency period

A.6.2.1 Considering that regular building structure in each main axis direction of practical
structure map acts as a 2D structure, then its natural frequency period in each main
axis direction can be calculated using Rayleigh formula according to equation (28)
applicable for 2D structures that when in the condition of deflecting during vibration,
its potential energy is equalized with its kinetic energy.

A.6.2.2 To determine equivalent static nominal earthquake load, natural frequency period
calculated with the Rayleigh formula is determined as the standard. The natural
frequency period can be determined by other ways, as long as the result will not
divert (upward or downward) more than 20 % of values calculated with the
Rayleigh formula.

A.6.3 Equivalent static analysis

This article only stresses that since earthquake loading on regular building
structure takes form as equivalent static earthquake load, building structure
analysis on the earthquake loading is automatically done with a common 3D static
analysis. On irregular building structure, from the result of dynamic response
analysis, its equivalent static earthquake load can also be described, so further
analysis can be done with a common 3D static analysis (see A.7.2.4).

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A.7 Irregular shear wall design
A.7.1 Terms for dynamic response analysis
A.7.1.1 In practice, highly irregular building structures are frequently found. From the
analysis aspect, this will not pose a problem with the availability of various
sophisticated computer programs. High capability to analyze a complex structure
should also be used to control the structure behavior in its response on earthquake.
By performing a 3D free vibration analysis, it can be seen how a structure behaves
against earthquake. If the first order movement has been dominant in rotation, this
sows a bad behavior and is very uncomfortable for the occupants when an
earthquake occurs. Such structure system must be repaired and rearranged by
placing more rigid components around the map to increase rotational (torque)
rigidity of overall structure system, so the first order movement becomes dominant
in translation. Giving penalty to a twist structure by adding its earthquake load does
increase security, but will not change its behavior.

A.7.1.2 An irregular building structure really acts as a 3D structure so representative

ductility value which represents it must be known. This is related to Table 3 which
more reflects 2D system ductility properties. This article gives a term on how to
determine representative earthquake reduction factor R through a preliminary
analysis for earthquake load in each direction of selected coordinate axis.

A.7.1.3 On certain building structures, sometimes it happens that total response on

earthquake is smaller than its first order response. This is caused by a higher order
response which reduces the first order response. To guarantee sufficient minimum
strength (capacity) of installed structure , this article sets that the response final
value of each building structure cannot be taken less than 80% of its first order
response value.

A.7.2 Response spectrum order analysis

A.7.2.1 As explained in A6.1.1, in the Order Analysis method, total dynamic response of
MDF system is a superposition of several orders, each forming a dynamic
response of the Single Freedom Degree system, where a higher order will give
smaller dynamic response participation to total dynamic response. This reality
enables us to use the Planned Earthquake Response Spectrum according to
Figure 2 as the base to determine the respective each order response. Only, the
Response Spectrum ordinates must be corrected with a correction factor I/R to
include the category of building faced and to make the earthquake load to be
nominal earthquake load, conforming to ductility factor f selected or the building.
Furthermore, total superpositioned order responses can be limited, as long as
participation of mass producing total response reaches at least 90%.

A.7.2.2 Response each order defined through the Planned Earthquake Response
Spectrum is the maximum response. Generally, the response of each order will
reach maximum value at different times, so the maximum response of the orders
cannot be summed easily. This article defines how to superposition maximum
response of the orders based on the result of various researches. There are 2
superposition methods defined in this article, which are methods known as

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 Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC) and Square Root of the Sum of Squares
(SRSS) along their usage prerequisites.

A.7.2.4 By using this article, response spectrum order analysis is only used to determine
dynamic nominal level shear force due to effect of Design Earthquake. Internal
forces in the building structure components come from common 3D static analysis
based on equivalent static earthquake loads described from distribution of nominal
level shear force received from prior dynamic response analysis, which if
necessary, is modified first conservatively to get a better distribution of nominal
earthquake load distribution along the height of the building structure (see Figure
P4). This way, we can get a certainty about sign (work direction) of internal forces
in building structure components.

(design)

first order response

modified

Level shear force

Figure P4 : Nominal level shear force diagram along

the height of building

A.7.3 Time history dynamic response analysis

A.7.3.1 This article defines that to study building structure behavior for each second the
earthquake works, in elastic of post-elastic, a time history linier and non-linier
response analysis can be done.

A.7.3.2 For nominal earthquake loading level where structure response still acts fully
elastic, peak acceleration of input earthquake must be scaled to be A as I equation
(33). In this equation, the factor I is to calculate the earthquake loading to be
nominal earthquake loading.

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A.7.3.3 For full loading level by the Design Earthquake, where the structure response has
entered elastoplastic level, peak acceleration of input earthquake is fully equal to
Ao. The factor I is once more for calculating category of building under
consideration.

A.7.3.4 This article stresses, that each accelerogram contains uncertainty to be used at a
location. Thus, at least 4 accelerograms from separate earthquakes must be
examined. The El Centro Earthquake is taken as the standard, because its
accelerogram contains a wide frequency, recorded at medium distance from the
epicenter and with medium (not extreme) amplitude.

A.7.3.5 As an alternative, this article allows usage of soil acceleration simulated as input
earthquake movement in time history dynamic response analysis.

A.8 Building structure performance

A.8.1 Service limit performance
A.8.1.1 To limit the occurrence of steel yield and excessive concrete cracking and to
prevent non-structural damage and discomfort, determined by inter-level deflection
due to the effect of Design Earthquake which has been divided by a Scale Factor.

A.8.1.2 This response spectrum defines quantitatively the criteria of service limit
performance of building structure.

A.8.2 Ultimate limit performance

A.8.2.1 Because this Standard adopts fixed maximum deflection rule as described in
A.4.3.2, then after the building structure deflection caused by nominal earthquake
load is known from the structure analysis result, structure deflection in the condition
of near collapsing will result by multiplying the deflection caused by nominal
earthquake load with the factor ξ. From Figure P.1, it is clear that for regular
building structure, ξ = R as in equation (34). For irregular building structure, the
effect of Scale Factor must be eliminated, because the real deflection is not
affected by the Scale Factor. This is reflected by equation (35). A simple formula to
calculate structure deflection in the condition of near collapsing is enabled, due the
fixed maximum deflection rule adopted in this Standard as mentioned above.

A.8.2.2 This article stresses quantitatively the criteria limit of building structure ultimate
performance.

A.8.2.3 This article is intended to prevent collision of 2 neighboring buildings. From the
experience with various strong earthquake occurrences in the past time, many
building severe damage occur because neighboring buildings collide. This must be
prevented by providing a sufficient intermediate space, as defined in this article.

A.8.2.4 This article is intended to prevent collision between 2 building structure parts
separated by a dilatation clearance. The size of the clearance must definitely be
sufficient to prevent collision between parts which is not only will cause heavy
damage, but can also change the calculated structure response.

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A.8.2.5 The size of the dilatation clearance must be maintained so its function is
guaranteed anytime.

A.9 The effect of earthquake on lower structure

A.9.1 Earthquake loading from upper structure
A.9.1.1 From the philosophy of earthquake resistance design for building structure, it is
apparent (see A.13) that due to effect of Design Earthquake, the upper structure
has been severely damaged, but is still stands and not collapsing, so human
casualties can be prevented. Nevertheless, this can only occur if the upper
structure does not fail beforehand. Thus, the lower structure must be able to
support well loads worked by the upper structure when the upper structure is at the
condition of near collapsing. It is this maximum load Vm that is defined in this article.
This maximum load is mobilized on the earthquake load causing the first yielding
Vy, due the existence of extra strength factor f2 (see Figure P.1). Due to
hyperstatics of structure and formation of plastic joints not occurring
simultaneously, redistribution of forces take place, which resulting in the structure
extra strength factor. On a fully ductility structure ( µ = 5.3), where redistribution of
forces occurs widely the structure extra strength factor according to various
researches reaches f2 = 1.75. On a fully elastic structure (µ = 1), there is no force
redistribution at all (no plastic joint forms), so f2 = 1.00. With these two limit
conditions, equation (37) is produced to calculate f2 value for any µ, described from
inclination angle uniformity rule. Because the extra strength factor of load and
material is f1 = 1.6, the maximum earthquake load can easily be calculated as a
multiplication of nominal earthquake load and total extra strength factor f = f1 f2
stated by equation (38) (see Figure P.1).

A.9.1.2 The highly dominant load worked by the upper structure on the lower structure is
the rolling moment, along the respective normal (vertical) load and shear
(horizontal) load. Maximum nominal rolling moment from the upper structure on the
lower structure which acts fully elastic is received form the maximum rolling
moment by dividing it with R = f1, which is the earthquake response factor for fully
elastic structure as defined by equation (40) (see Figure P.1).

A.9.1.3 Other possibility is the occurrence of rolling moment worked by the yield moment
working on plastic joints at the foot of all columns and on the foot of all shear walls.
Since the building structure, due to effect of Design Earthquake, experiences the
first yield until reaching the condition of near collapsing, plastic joints, particularly
on column foot and shear wall foot, experience rotation, while their yield moments
increase from the initial yield moment My to final yield moment f0 My, due to strain
hardening of steel, with f0 as the strain hardening factor. This process is visualized
in the moment-deflection diagram of a plastic joint at the column foot or shear wall
foot as shown in Figure P.5. For fully ductile building structure (µ = 5.3), according
to various researches f0 = 1.25, while for a fully elastic building structure (µ = 1),
automatically f0 = 1.00, because yielding just about to occur. To make the rolling
moment due to plastic joint yield moment to the nominal rolling moment, the f0 value
is not required, because nominal moment can be calculated directly from the initial
yield moment by dividing it with load and material extra strength factor f1 = 1.6 as
stated by equation (41) (see Figure P.5.). Nominal rolling moment according this
equation (41) certainly occurs along the respective normal (vertical) load and shear
(horizontal) load.

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 column shear wall

plastic joint
plastic joint

Figure P.5 Moment – deflection diagram of a plastic joint at column

feet or shear wall feet

A.9.1.4 From the two possibilities of the aforementioned rolling moment, the definitive one
is the smallest value, because with the formation of plastic joint at all column feet
and all shear wall feet, nominal rolling moment according to earthquake (40) will
not be mobilized fully. But in all aspects, the maximum nominal rolling moment
value is not necessarily taken more than that occurring due to effect of Design
Earthquake on the building upper structure acting fully elastic, as stated by
equation (42) (see Figure P.1 and P.5).

A.9.1.5 Imperfect clamping on column feet and shear wall feet may be calculated. How it is
done is left to the planner, as long as it is rationally accountable.

A.9.2 Earthquake loading from the moment of inertia

A.9.2.1 If the lower structure moves simultaneously with the surrounding soil when an
earthquake occurs, the lower structure will not experience any inertia forces. But
because the soil-structure interaction always occurs which always causes the
existence of movement difference, kinematic and inertial interaction occur between
the lower structure and its surrounding soil causing the occurrence of the inertia
force. This is what is stated in this article.

A.9.2.2 Calculation of inertia force based in soil-structure interaction analysis is a

complicated subject. Thus, each method that is rationally accountable can be used.
For practical design, this article gives the term on how to approach, yet
conservatively, equivalent static horizontal earthquake load due to the inertia force
which works on the lower structure acting fully elastic can be calculated, that is
using equation (43). In this equation, earthquake response factor for fully elastic

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 structure has been considered. Factor I in equation (43) is to calculate the category
of building we deal with.

A.9.3 Earthquake loading from the surrounding soil

A.9.3.1 Due to the interaction of soil-structure interaction, between the lower structure and
its surrounding soil there is a changing difference of movement during the
earthquake. Thus, soil compression on the basement walls and other components
of the lower structure also change in values. This soil compression calculation is
based on interaction analysis of soil-structure which is a complicated thing. Thus,
each method which is rationally accountable can be used. For practical design, this
article gives a simple yet conservative term, that soil compression from the front
soil can be considered to have reached maximum value of soil yield compression
value (identical with passive compression) along the basement depth. The soil
compression working on the lower structure acting fully elastic must be made
nominal soil compression by dividing it with R = f1 = 1.6, which is the earthquake
response factor for fully elastic structure.

A.9.3.2 This article gives a clue how soil-structure interaction must be examined to a
limited extent. The critical part in this analysis is the determination of compression
spring and shear spring quantitative properties, which represents the back, side,
and bottom soil (foundation).

A.10 The effect of earthquake on secondary components, architecture components

and machine and electrical installation
A.10.1 Safety coverage
A.10.1.1 The satisfactory behavior of non-structural components on earthquake effect is
equally important with the support structure behavior itself. As non-structural
components filling a building which can be a part of the building economy value
until it is feasible to be secured against damage, in case of failure or collapsing, it
can also be a direct threat to the safety of the building occupants or can slow down
the rescue attempt of the building’s occupants or restrict fire fighting attempt
immediately after the earthquake happens.

A.10.1.2 Historical articles is certainly must be saved against damage for the interest of the
future generation.

A.10.2 Tie down

A.10.2.1 The main disadvantage in installation of no-structural components in a building is
on the less than adequate tie-down details, which must be calculated not only on
forces directly caused by the earthquake (inertia force), but also on the effect of
interaction with other components from the supporting structure. Friction may not
be relied on to withstand lateral load due to earthquake, because the vertical
downward soil movement component can eliminate friction resistance, so the
examined component can move sideways by the effect of horizontal direction soil
movement component.

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A.10.2.2 Ornament tie down equipment, outer panels and additional objects must be made
ductile enabling these components to follow the supporting structure components
without colliding each other.

A.10.3 Correlation between components

A.10.3.1 If an important component is designed to withstand a relatively strong earthquake,
the design of correlated components which can fail by a lighter earthquake requires
consideration, which causes the failure of the significance component function. As
an example, wall standing by the side of an equipment ready to use in emergency
situation and may be have collapsed on a far lighter earthquake level than the level
required for the equipment, that it continues to obstruct operation of the equipment
when this lighter earthquakes happen.

A.10.3.2 This article stresses the significance of maintenance of separation clearance

between non-structural components and equipment to prevent interaction between
them which endangers or causes severe loss.

A.10.4 Automatic Cut Off of Machine and Equipment Operation

Several industrial processes as existing on a chemical process or processes using
gas or high voltage electricity may pose a significance danger to the general public,
if not stopped in heavy earthquakes. The Development Authority along the owner
shall set an earthquake intensity level which causes a machine to stop operation
automatically. As a guidance, automatic machine cut off should happen on the pea
acceleration of soil surface A0 applicable for the seismic zone where the machine is
located. Automatic machine operation cut-off must also happen, if in the system, a
dangerous disorder occurs, for example the occurrence of liquid pressure or gas
pressure build up beyond the limits in a process.

A.10.5 The effect of design earthquake

A.10.5.1 Earthquake load to be calculated working on non-structural components is the
equivalent static nominal earthquake load, which basically comes from
multiplication of component weight with several factors (equation (44)) which does
not depend much data acquired from structure analysis of the structure support.
This is to enable a direct design by the machine and electricity installation planner
and pre-cast concrete panel manufacturers. The only support structure required is
the fundamental natural frequency period T1 to determine the Eearthquake
Response Factor C1 and earthquake reduction factor R. Other factors can be
calculated using a simple formula (equation (45)) and data found in the table (Table
9 and 10).

A.10.5.2 The response amplification coefficient Kp is intended to calculate the amplification

of soil movement by the supporting structure, which depends on the supporting
structure itself. For this, formula given in this article (equation (45)) is considered to
give a sufficient result. We need to realize that heavy objects on top of a building
structure can experience big acceleration, so if possible, such objects shall be
placed at lower level.

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A.10.5.3 Non structural component performance factor P reflects the significance of the
component, indentical to the significance factor I for the building itself. Thus, the
performance factor is to extend the earthquake reoccurrence period causing
damage on the component, which will be intact when the Design Earthquake
works. This is important to examine on risky equipment such as steam boiler and
high pressure tank.

A.10.5.4 A non-structural component installed on a supporting structure which natural

frequency period approaches the natural frequency period of the supporting
structure, must be avoided, because it can produce a very high amplification. Near
the resonance point, the amplification can reach 25 times. But in this article, the
examined amplification is only 2 times, because in practice, there is always
absorbance that reduces the amplification.

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 Appendix B

B.1 Factored load and strength design for foundation

B.1.1 Foundation is the part of building lower structure which strength determined by the
strength of soil supporting the part, such as pad, raft, pile, and bore pile foundation.

B.1.2 Along the strength design of upper structure and lower structure, building foundation
strength can be designed based on Factored Load and Strength Design Method.

B.1.3 Nominal load Qn working on the foundation is nominal load working on lower
structure, continued directly to the supporting ground such as pad and raft
foundation, or continued through pile or bore pile foundation to the supporting ground
as on post foundation type. The nominal load Qn multiplied by the corresponding
load factor γ is the ultimate load Qu which works on the foundation conforming to
Article 4.4.1, Article 4.4.2, and Article 4.4.3.

B.1.4 According to Factored Load and Strength Design the following foundation ultimate
limit requirements must be satisfied:
Ru ≥ Qu (P.1)
where Ru is the foundation ultimate strength or ultimate support capacity, which is a
multiplication of capacity reduction factor φ and foundation nominal strength Rn
according to equation:

Ru ≥ φ Rn (P.2)

where Rn is defined through a rational analytic or empirical calculation and /or

through direct load test.

B.1.5 Capacity reduction factor φ for foundation is defined according to Table P.1 for pad
and raft foundation type, and according to Table P.2 for pile and bore pile foundation
type.
Table P.1 Capacity reduction factor φ for pad and raft foundation type

Soil Type φ
Sand 0.35 – 0.55
Clay 0.50 - 0.60
Rock 0.60

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 Table P.2 Capacity reduction factor φ for pile and bore pile foundation
Resistance
Foundation type φ Load properties
strength source
Pile shear + end 0.55 – 0.75 Axial compression
shear only 0.55 – 0.70 Axial compression /tension
end only 0.55 – 0.70 Axial compression
Bore pile shear + end 0.55 – 0.70 Axial compression
shear only 0.55 – 0.75 Axial compression /tension
end only 0.55 – 0.55 Axial compression

B.2 Explanation of factored load and strength design for foundation

B.2.1 Foundation strength is defined by strength of soils supporting the foundation. The
Foundation Structure Strength itself (the footing, raft, post) are certainly defined by
the foundation material, which generally is reinforced concrete. So, for foundation
structure strength calculation, similar terms apply such as for upper structure and
lower structure of the building.

B.2.2 Design of upper structure and lower structure component strength using Factored
Load and Strength Design, has been followed for a long time in practice in
Indonesia. But for foundation strength design, there is a strong tendency to keep
using allowable tension or load. This inconsistency should certainly be eliminated
as early as possible. Thus, the Appendix of this Standard is intended to socialize
the Factored Load and Strength Design as an alternative, which is expected to
replace the old method as soon as possible.

B.2.3 Basically, nominal load at the lower structure is also the nominal on foundation
transmitted to the supporting soil. Thus, load factors γ which must be multiplied with
nominal load Qn get ultimate load Qu on the Foundation, must taken equal to the
one that applies for building upper structure and lower structure.

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B.2.4 Foundation nominal strength can be interpreted as the strength, where the
supporting soil still shows an elastic decline, with sufficient extra strength for
strength, where the supporting soil drastically starts showing a steep incline. Thus,
the direct method to determine foundation nominal strength is by performing a load
test and sets it from load-decline diagram. The amount of extra strength factor,
requires the best consideration from the load-decline diagram shape, so it cannot
be formulated generally. Actually, foundation nominal strength must be defined
probabilistically, but in general this is not made possible, because total load test in
a project is generally limited. A standard calculation done in practice this far, is the
permissible supporting load calculation. As an approach, nominal supporting
capability can be considered to be twice permissible supporting capability. As we
know, the foundation ultimate strength is lower than its nominal strength. In
foundation engineering, the meaning of ultimate strength and nominal strength are
often reversed. In European literatures, nominal strength is called characteristic
strength.

B.2.5 The capacity reduction factor φ highly depends on several things, like foundation
work quality, variation distribution of soil parameters, calculation method of nominal
strength or ultimate strength, reliability of soil parameter and test method used to
get them, load properties (compression, tension, moment, shear). Because a φ
value cannot be determined, but in a range, as shown in Table P.1 and Table P.2.
Generally, the φ value in the range is taken if in nominal supporting capability the
correlation with the Standard Penetration Test value is used. The average φ value
in a range is taken if shear strength parameters from lab result test or direct load
test until failure is used.

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