School of Electrical Electronics and Communications

Course Code: BEE01T1003 Course Name: AC DC Circuits

AC-DC Circuits

UNIT – I
D.C. Circuits

Norton's Theorem
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Faculty Name: Dr. Lokesh Varshney Program Name: B.Tech.

 Prerequisite/Recapitulations

Prerequisite

 Physics (12th class)

Recapitulations

 Ohm’s Law
 kirchhoff's current law
 kirchhoff's voltage law
 Objectives

Norton’s Theorem is especially useful in analyzing power systems where

system is complicated and other circuits one particular “load” resistor is
subject to change, and re-calculation of the circuit is necessary with each trial
value of load resistance, to determine the voltage across it and current
through it.
 Introduction

Any linear electrical network containing only voltage sources, current sources, and

resistances can be replaced at terminals A-B by an equivalent combination of a Current
source IN in a Parallel connection with a resistance RN.
 Need ? ?

Norton's Theorem provides an easy method for analyzing power circuits,

which typically has a load that changes value during the analysis process.
This theorem provides an efficient way to calculate the voltage and current
flowing across a load without having to recalculate your entire circuit over
again

Faculty Name: Dr. Lokesh Varshney Program Name: B.Tech.

 Introduction

Faculty Name: Dr. Lokesh Varshney Program Name: B.Tech.

 How to Calculate Norton Equivalent

The equivalent current IN is the current obtained at branch A-B of the network with
terminals A-B Short Circuited .

Faculty Name: Dr. Lokesh Varshney Program Name: B.Tech.

 Continue…..

The equivalent resistance RN is the resistance that the circuit between
terminals A and B would have if all ideal voltage sources in the circuit are
replaced by a short circuit and all ideal current sources are replaced by an
open circuit. That means all sources are replaced by their internal
resistance.

Faculty Name: Dr. Lokesh Varshney Program Name: B.Tech.

 Norton Equivalent

Faculty Name: Dr. Lokesh Varshney Program Name: B.Tech.

 Example 1

Find IL in the given circuit through Norton’s Theorem

Faculty Name: Dr. Lokesh Varshney Program Name: B.Tech.

 Example 1

Step 1 − In order to find the Norton’s equivalent circuit to the left
side of terminals A & B, we should remove the 2 Ω resistor from the
network by opening the terminals A & B. The modified circuit
diagram is shown in the following figure.

Faculty Name: Dr. Lokesh Varshney Program Name: B.Tech.

 Example 1

Step 2 − Calculation of Norton’s Current IN.

Firstly short circuited the terminal A-B. we can use nodal or mesh
analysis method. Here, We are using node analysis method. V1 is the voltage
from node 1 with respect to Ground and IN is the flowing current in 1ohm.
Now we find the value of IN

The nodal equation at node

Faculty Name: Dr. Lokesh Varshney Program Name: B.Tech.

 Example 1

Step 3 − Calculation of Norton’s resistance RN.

Short circuit the voltage source and open circuit the current source of the
above circuit in order to calculate the Norton’s resistance RN across the
terminals A & B. The modified circuit diagram is shown in the following figure.

Faculty Name: Dr. Lokesh Varshney Program Name: B.Tech.

 Example 1

Step 4 − Now the Norton’s equivalent circuit is obtained. This circuit diagram is
shown in the following figure.

Faculty Name: Dr. Lokesh Varshney Program Name: B.Tech.

 Example 1

Step 5 − The Norton’s equivalent circuit is added with Load resistance. This
circuit diagram is shown in the following figure. And find the IL

Faculty Name: Dr. Lokesh Varshney Program Name: B.Tech.

 Example 2

Find IL in the given circuit through Norton’s Theorem

Faculty Name: Dr. Lokesh Varshney Program Name: B.Tech.

 Example 2

Step 1 − In order to find the Norton’s equivalent circuit to the left
side of terminals A & B, we should remove the 3 Ω resistor from the
network by opening the terminals A & B. The modified circuit
diagram is shown in the following figure.

Faculty Name: Dr. Lokesh Varshney Program Name: B.Tech.

 Example 2

Step 2 − Calculation of Norton’s Current IN.

we can use nodal or mesh analysis method. Here, We are using node
analysis method. V1 is the voltage from node 1 with respect to Ground and
V1 is the voltage across 2 Ω and 1 Ω. IN is flowing in 1 Ω.

The nodal equation at node

Faculty Name: Dr. Lokesh Varshney Program Name: B.Tech.

 Example 2

Step 3 − Calculation of  Norton’s Resistance RN.

Short circuit the voltage source of the above circuit in order to calculate the
Norton’s resistance RN across the terminals A & B. The modified circuit
diagram is shown in the following figure.

Faculty Name: Dr. Lokesh Varshney Program Name: B.Tech.

 Example 2

Step 4 − Now the Norton’s equivalent circuit is obtained. This circuit diagram is
shown in the following figure.

Faculty Name: Dr. Lokesh Varshney Program Name: B.Tech.

 Example 2

Step 5 − The Norton’s equivalent circuit is added with Load resistance. This
circuit diagram is shown in the following figure. And find the IL

Faculty Name: Dr. Lokesh Varshney Program Name: B.Tech.

 Question

Q1. Find IL in the given circuit through Norton’s Theorem

Q2. Find IL in the given circuit through Norton’s Theorem

Faculty Name: Dr. Lokesh Varshney Program Name: B.Tech.

 Example

Thank You

Faculty Name: Dr. Lokesh Varshney Program Name: B.Tech.