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Práctica 1 Segundo Corte. Teorema de Thevenin

y Norton.
Felipe de Jesús Bustamante García, Alan Alonso Godínez Alan, Rafael Legorreta Castañeda 3°A
Universidad Politécnica Metropolitana de Hidalgo – Ingeniería en Aeronáutica
183110679@upmh.edu.mx , 183111294@upmh.edu.mx , 183110087@upmh.edu.mx

ABSTRACT: A practice was performed to test the

physical and analytical results of a circuit. Using
Thevenin's and Norton's Theorem. The circuit has
resistances and a direct current source.

KEY WORDS: Resistance of Thevenin, voltage of

Norton, amperage, circuit.
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Justification
To demonstrate that the values of the current
and voltage intensity in the analyzed resistance,
we use Thevenin's theorem, in the same way the
norton theorem, this was theoretically. And
practically we made the circuit in protoboard,
with its components, and made the pertinent
measurements.
B. General Objective
Prove that an analytical calculation can help us
describe a physical phenomenon such as that
described by Thévenin's theorem and also
Norton's.
II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Thevenin´s theorem
Thevenin’s Theorem states that “Any linear
circuit containing several voltages and
resistances can be replaced by just one single
voltage in series with a single resistance
connected across the load“. In other words, it is
possible to simplify any electrical circuit, no
matter how complex, to an equivalent two-
terminal circuit with just a single constant
voltage source in series with a resistance (or
impedance) connected to a load as shown
below.

Thevenin’s Theorem is especially useful in the
circuit analysis of power or battery systems and
other interconnected resistive circuits where it
will have an effect on the adjoining part of the
circuit.
Next, some basic concepts related to the topic will
be defined:
• Charge: The source of all electrical charges
resides in the atomic structure. The charge of an
electron is the basic unit of charge. The measure for
the load is the coulomb (C). [one]
• Conductors: Those substances where loads move
easily. [1] Insulators: Those substances that resist
the movement of the load. [one]
• Current: It is the flow of charge through a
conductor per unit of time. The electric current is
measured in amps (A). [one]
• Voltage: Also called the electric potential
difference measured in volts allows the flow of
electric charges through a cable from a high
potential zone to a low one. [one]
• Electrical resistance: it is the difficulty with which
electrical charges flow through a conductor. [one]
B. Norton´s theorem
Norton’s Theorem states that it is possible to
simplify any linear circuit, no matter how complex,
to an equivalent circuit with just a single current
source and parallel resistance connected to a load.
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Just as with Thevenin’s Theorem, the qualification several elements) and calculate the voltage Vab, we will
of “linear” is identical to that found in call this tension as Vt (εt) or Thévenin's Tension.
the Superposition Theorem: all underlying
equations must be linear (no exponents or roots). This voltage is called open circuit voltage since
Thévenin voltage is defined as the voltage that appears
I.Thevenin’s Theorem vs. Norton’s Theorem at terminals A and B at the time of disconnecting the
load.
As with Thevenin’s Theorem, everything in the
original circuit except the load resistance has been
reduced to an equivalent circuit that is simpler to
analyze. Also similar to Thevenin’s Theorem are
the steps used in Norton’s Theorem to calculate the
Norton source current (INorton) and Norton resistance
(RNorton).

METHODS:

Knowing all of the above, we can explain the different

methods that exist to calculate the current intensity and
consequently the voltage at a certain resistance; let's
study 2 methods:
2. Norton´s Method.
1. Thevenin´s Method.
Identify The Load Resistance
Advantages:
As before, the first step is to identify the load resistance
When calculating the Thévenin voltage, the first thing and remove it from the original circuit:
we have to do is disconnect the resistance or electrical
load between terminals A and B of the active linear
network (it can be a resistance or an impedance Z of
several elements) and calculate the voltage Vab, we will
call this tension as Vt (εt) or Thévenin's Tension.

How to calculate?

This voltage is called open circuit voltage since

Thévenin voltage is defined as the voltage that appears
at terminals A and B at the moment of disconnecting the
load. The circuit obtained after applying the thévenin identify the load resistance
theorem is much simpler and faster to calculate voltages
and currents or the power capable of delivering a circuit
when connecting a load.
Find The Norton Current
This theorem can be applied to any element of the
circuit, as long as the network has at least one Then, to find the Norton current (for the current source
independent source. in the Norton equivalent circuit), place a direct wire
(short) connection between the load points and
They allow finding an equivalent circuit simply and determine the resultant current. Note that this step is
quickly even in complicated circuits of a nature. exactly opposite the respective step in Thevenin’s
Theorem, where we replaced the load resistor with a
When calculating the Thévenin voltage, the first thing break (open circuit):
we have to do is disconnect the resistance or electrical
load between terminals A and B of the active linear
network (it can be a resistance or an impedance Z of
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With zero voltage dropped between the load resistor

connection points, the current through R1 is strictly a Now our Norton equivalent circuit looks like this:
function of B1‘s voltage and R1‘s resistance: 7 amps
(I=E/R). Likewise, the current through R3 is now strictly
a function of B2‘s voltage and R3‘s resistance: 7 amps
(I=E/R). The total current through the short between the
load connection points is the sum of these two currents:
7 amps + 7 amps = 14 amps. This figure of 14 amps
becomes the Norton source current (INorton) in our
equivalent circuit:

Determine The Voltage Across The Load Resistor

norton equivalent circuit diagram
If we re-connect our original load resistance of 2 Ω, we
can analyze the Norton circuit as a simple parallel
arrangement:
Find Norton Resistance

Remember, the arrow notation for current source points

in the direction of conventional current flow. To
calculate the Norton resistance (RNorton), we do the
exact same thing as we did for calculating Thevenin
resistance (RThevenin): take the original circuit (with
the load resistor still removed), remove the power
sources (in the same style as we did with the
Superposition Theorem: voltage sources replaced with
wires and current sources replaced with breaks), and
figure total resistance from one load connection point to
the other:
voltage across the load resistor

As with the Thevenin equivalent circuit, the only useful
information from this analysis is the voltage and current
values for R2; the rest of the information is irrelevant to
the original circuit. However, the same advantages seen
with Thevenin’s Theorem apply to Norton’s as well: if
we wish to analyze load resistor voltage and current over
several different values of load resistance, we can use
the Norton equivalent circuit, again and again, applying
nothing more complex than simple parallel circuit
analysis to determine what’s happening with each trial
load..
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III. IV. PRACTICE DEVELOPMENT
HAVING EXPLAINED THE METHODS LET'S MOVE ON TO
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT. IT WAS A BIT COMPLICATED TO BE
ABLE TO CONNECT THE 2 SOURCES TO THE PROTOBOARD, IN
ADDITION TO THAT WE MADE A MISTAKE WHEN BEING SHORT,
BUT LUCKILY WE REALIZED AND WE CHANGED IT.
IT WAS DESPERATE BECAUSE THE VALUES WERE NOT VERY
ACCURATE IN TWO RESISTORS, WE CHECKED OUR
CALCULATIONS MANY TIMES, AS WELL AS THE CIRCUIT THAT
WAS WELL CONNECTED, THE CORRECT POLES OF THE SOURCES,
ETC., BUT WE DID NOT FIND ANY ERROR.
NEXT, WE SHOW THE RESULTS OBTAINED BY THE 2 METHODS
AND THE PHYSICAL RESULTS.
V. IMPROVEMENTS
WHEN CHECKING THE RESULTS PHYSICALLY WE COULD
REALIZE THAT THE VALUES VARIED MORE THAN EXPECTED,
WHICH CAUGHT OUR ATTENTION. AFTER THOROUGHLY
REVIEWING ALL OUR CALCULATIONS AND THE CIRCUIT WE
COULD NOT FIND ANY ERROR, WHICH WE FOUND VERY
STRANGE, SINCE THE VALUES OF THE INTENSITIES OF 2
RESISTORS GAVE US VERY DIFFERENT, WITH AN ERROR
GREATER THAN 10%.
WE BELIEVE THAT THE WAY TO IMPROVE THESE ERRORS IS TO
USE A NEW PROTOBOARD, LOWER RESISTANCES AND MORE
ACCURATE SOURCES, SINCE A COMMERCIAL 9V BATTERY
NORMALLY BRINGS 9.5V OR A CLOSE VALUE, WHICH SHOULD
NOT GREATLY AFFECT THE RESULT, BUT WE BELIEVE THAT IT IS
BEST TO USE ONLY SOURCES TO WHICH WE CAN MODIFY THE
VALUE OF THE VOLTAGE TO OUR LIKING.
IV. SAW. CONCLUSIONS
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V. THE RESULTS OBTAINED WERE SATISFACTORY TO

SOME EXTENT, DESPITE THE DIFFICULTIES WE HAD IN
CARRYING OUT THE PRACTICE. IT IS NECESSARY TO MAKE A
GOOD CIRCUIT AND THE OPERATIONS WITH A LOT OF PATIENCE,
SINCE IT IS VERY EASY TO MAKE A MISTAKE, BUT ONCE WE
MANAGED TO UNDERSTAND THE SUBJECT IT WAS SIMPLER AND
IN THE END WE MANAGED TO REALIZE THAT THE REAL VALUES
THAT MARKED THE MULTIMETER DID NOT MOVE AWAY MUCH
OF OUR CALCULATIONS (WITH THE EXCEPTION OF 2 VALUES AS
WE ALREADY MENTIONED), WHICH ACHIEVED OUR OBJECTIVE
WAS MET, WHICH WAS TO PROVE THAT AN ANALYTICAL
CALCULATION CAN HELP US DESCRIBE A PHYSICAL
PHENOMENON WITH THE HELP OF THEVENIN'S METHOD AND
ALSO THAT OF NORTON.REFERENCIAS

References

[1]. Toda Materia. Gouveia Rosimar. 28 Junio 2019.

Disponible: https://www.todamateria.com/ley-de-ohm/

[2]. Geek Electrónica. Cuadros Acosta Iván. 4 octubre

2017. Disponible: https://geekelectronica.com/leyes-de-
kirchhoff/

[3]. Khan Academy. McAllister Willy. 21 Marzo 2016.

Disponible:https://es.khanacademy.org/science/electrical
-engineering/ee-circuit-analysis-topic/ee-dc-circuit-
analysis/a/ee-superposition

[4]. Blogspot. Unknown. 26 Marzo 2016. Disponible:

https://aliencircuits.blogspot.com/2016/03/nodos-lazos-
ramas-y-corto-circuitos.html