Objective and specific objective

• Sediment study
1. Daily flow discharge sediment
concentration,and sdiment load
• Specific objective
1. Concentration vs discharge and load vs
discharge relationship
2. Analysis of corelation coefficent
 Nepali literature

• Himalaya uplift 1cm/year causing rock and

slope unstability
• Four moonsoon month(june-september)
causes 80% of total rainfall
• 1.63mm of top soil is displaced every year
(DSCWM)
 Prefeasibility
• Carried to determine whether project needs
further investigation
• Mostly information is obtained from
secondary sources and informal survey.
• For sedimentation
1. Zone of sedimentation
2. Collection of sediment sample
3. Estimation of sediment conentration
4. Estimation of Bed load
 Zone of sedimentation
• Description of study area
1. Location
E.g Mardi watershed is located at western hill above
pokhara in annapurna range
2. Catchment area
E.g Mardi 141.5 km2
3. Hydrological
flow rate, evapo-transpiration rate,run-off rate and
silt content
• Climate and hydrology
1. Average rainfall –E.g in mardi 4300mm and 80-
85% between june and october
2. Geology and soil- Thrust and Soil composition
like phyllite,Quartzite and genessis
3. Sediment Yield-
Location,Soil type and land use of mardi
Topography (kaligandaki) Soil
type (Kaligandaki)
 Sampling
Sampling involves collection of suspended sediment
samples and bed load samples
Methods of suspended load
Sampling
• Instantaneous Sampling
• Time-Integrated Point Sampling
• Depth-Integrated Sampling
• Single Stage Sampling
• Pumping Sampling
 Requirements for Sampling
1. Sampling Frequency
Frequenc
S.N. Season y Time Remark
Morning-
1 Monsoon 1 to 2 evening Per day
Pre- per
2 monsoon 1   week
Post Per
3 monsoon 1   week

per
4 Nov-May 1 15th day month
• The flow velocity at the intake to the sampler
shall be representative of the velocity in the
part of the cross section of the river.
• Disturbance to the streamlines of flow shall
be minimal.
• The intake of the sampler shall be correctly
oriented vertically and horizontally.
• The nozzle of sampler shall be positioned
against river flow.
• The air release nozzle shall be positioned
upside so that air is released smoothly.
 Grab Sampling
This method involves manually collecting
suspended sediment samples using a sampling
container, such as a bottle or bucket. The
container is submerged in the water, allowing
sediment to settle inside it, and then it is
carefully raised to the surface to collect the
sample. Grab sampling is relatively simple and
can provide instantaneous samples at specific
locations.
Estimation Of Bed Load (empirical methods)

• Einstein-Brown Equation
• Bagnold's Equation
• Engelund-Hansen Equation
• Sediment Rating Curves
 Einstein-Brown Equation:
The Einstein-Brown equation is a widely used empirical
equation for estimating sediment transport in rivers. It
relates sediment transport rate (Q) to the shear stress
exerted by the flowing water (τ) using the equation
Q = C * τ^1.5
where C is an empirical constant. The shear stress can be
estimated based on flow velocity, water depth, and channel
slope. The value of the constant C depends on the
characteristics of the sediment and the specific river.
 Bagnold's Equation:
Bagnold's equation is another empirical
relationship that estimates sediment transport
based on the bed shear stress. It is given by
Q = C' * τ^1.5 * (ρs - ρw)/ρw
where C' is a dimensionless coefficient, τ is the
bed shear stress, ρs is the sediment density, and
ρw is the water density. Bagnold's equation is
often used for estimating sediment transport in
sandy rivers.
 Engelund-Hansen Equation:
The Engelund-Hansen equation is commonly used for
estimating sediment transport in gravel-bed rivers. It
relates sediment transport rate to the Shields
parameter, which represents the ratio of the bed shear
stress to the critical shear stress required to initiate
sediment motion. The equation takes the form
Q = C * (τ - τc)^3
where C is an empirical coefficient, τ is the bed shear
stress, and τc is the critical shear stress.
 Sediment Rating Curves:
Sediment rating curves are empirical relationships
that relate river flow or stage to sediment
concentration or sediment transport rate. These
curves are developed based on field measurements
of flow and sediment concentration. By
continuously monitoring flow and periodically
sampling sediment concentration, rating curves
can be established to estimate sediment or bed
load based on flow measurements alone.
 Bed load and Its Calculation
• Above empirical formula are empirical formula
developed in various nation.
• In nepal topographical feature it is difficult to
measure so
1. Higher Himalaya- 40-60% of suspended load
2. Lesser Himalaya-20-40% of suspended load
 Laboratory Analysis Of Sample
Laboratory is performed to determine:
• Sediment Concentration
• Particle Size Distribution
• Mineralogical Content
 Sediment Concentration
• Filtration (Wattman filter paper)
sand concentaration is less than 1000 ppm
DHM also uses this method because it is
simple ,easy and convenient
• Evaporation
 Particle Size distribution
Particle size distribution of sediment can be
determined using:
• Sieve analysis
• Sedimentation analysis
• Use of Beckman Counter Particle Size
Analyzer
 Sieve Analysis
This method involves passing a dried sediment
sample through a series of sieves with different
mesh sizes. The sieves are stacked in order of
decreasing mesh size, and the sediment is agitated
or gently shaken to facilitate the separation of
particles. The amount of sediment retained on
each sieve is weighed, and the cumulative weight
percentages are calculated. This data is then used
to construct a particle size distribution curve.
Particle Size Distribution Curve
 Sedimentation Analysis
Sedimentation analysis is based on the principle
of stokes law of viscosity, that different-sized
particles settle at different rates in a liquid
medium. Several methods can be employed for
sedimentation analysis:
• Hydrometer method
• Pipette method
 Mineral Content
Erosion of turbine component depends on Hardness
of parent material,concentration of particle,grain
size,shape,hardness,velocity and angle of impact
• Size above 200 to 250mm are extremely harmful
• Above 250 mm with hardness no lesser than 5 can
cause wear
• Fine silt less than 50micromm containing quartz
can cause wear
Conditions
1.Sieve the sediment to obtain constant size
2.method use is mineral count method
1. About 64% of sediment contains minerals like
quartz ,feldspar and mica in Budigandaki Hydropower project
2. Quartz is more harmful because it has angular and very
angular shape while feldspar are sub angular in shape
3. Turbine material have hardness 5-6.5 while quartz have
hardness greater than 7
 Causes and magnitude
•Low strength rock formation,extreme relief,high
moonsoon rainnfall
•Tectonically unstable ,stream with old scars of
landslide large boulders in narrow rivers,scattered
human settelement…
Depends on topography,geology ,cllimatic
condition,intensity,duration,distribution of
rainfall,seismicity
•Erodiing himalaya is 1 cm per year
•Sediment yield at high himalaya is 500 tonnes/km2/yr
•Siwalik 1500 tonnes/km2/yr
Nepal basin sediment Yield
 Challenges in nepal hydropower in
sedimentology
• ROR projects like Trishuli,Khimti have the
problems on erosion of turbine component.
• In Storage projects like upper tamakoshi and
kulekhani, Coarse particle settle before
Intakecausing decrease in capacity of reservoir
• Nepal has 6000+ rivers however only 282
meterological and 51 hydrological station in
nepal(june 2021) …..that is station is not
adequate for sedimementation study……