METHODS

AND
LEARNIN
G
DIMPLE AIRA O. EUSEBIO
CHRISTINE ESGUERRA
J O C E L T. TA N I E G R A
 INTRODUCTION
The continuing quest for updated information and
knowledge is now ably assisted by states-of-the art
information and communication technologies ushered by
emerging trend toward modernization. It is upon the
teacher's initiative to keep oneself skilled in using new
equipment, tools, and devices to insure an unhampered
procedure in presenting clear and accurate lesson episodes.
This chapter will suggest the rich and available
instructional resources, also how the various types of
media can be used in presenting authentic learning.
 OBJECTIVES
CHARTING YOUR JOURNEY IN
THIS LESSON, YOU ARE
EXPECTED TO:
1. Understand and apply the
Technology Aided Strategies concept.
2. Understand the use of Audiovisual
Media.
3. Apply the Exploration of Community
Resources in your chosen
01
TECHNOL
OGY-
AIDED
01
TECHNOLOGY
AIDED
STRATEGIES

02
ORAL
COMMUNICATION
LESSONS
 03
TELEVISION
EPISODES

04
THREE-
DIMENSIONAL
05 SIMPLE INVESTIGATIONS,
SPECIAL REPORTS, AND
RESEARCH FINDINGS
 Simple investigations, special reports and research
findings are accomplished through the help of
computers, other multi-media facilities and the
internet. electronically- operated gadgets facilitate
classroom operations, thus saving on time and effort.
 INSTRUCTIONAL
• CHARACTERISTICS
Lesson presented through education channels on television
could reach farthest and fastest than any other traditional
methodologies.
• Photographs of real places, events and materials project on
screen help immensely in studying life-like happenings.
• Models and scaled structures in motion easily catch attention
and curiosity, hence focused observation is assured.
 INSTRUCTIONAL
CHARACTERISTICS
4. Updated knowledge, news and current national and local
practices and activities are helpful inputs into the day's
lesson.
5. Interest-generating and funfilled, every lesson taught in
this manner cannot fail in pursuing its objectives.
6. The love and eagerness for new information and
innovative procedures and practices more than compensate
for the investment in these technologies.
 LIMITATIONS
• Hopefully, the school is able to avail of these new
technologies for a rich and vivid classroom
encounter.
• The students might be subjected to an overdose of
these "seeing-and-listening" lessons confined to the
classroom.
• If not carefully operated and cared for, these
expensive gadgets may not last long.
SUGGESTIONS/
RECOMMENDATIONS
• The information and activities that will be presented through these
technologies must be well-selected considering the age, mental
ability and emotional maturity of viewers. Educational media exert
a tremendous influence on the attitudes and values of the young.
• Make sure that the materials that will be viewed and discussed
through these instructional media are closely related to the lesson
if not the lesson itself.
• The class must be briefed clearly about the objectives of the
lesson to guide them in focusing their observations on relevant
scenes and dialogue.
• Proper behaviour must be strictly followed so as not to distract
their attention and lessen their enjoyment.
 SUGGESTED
INSTRUCTIONAL
• Microscope DEVICES
• Computer
• Simple Telescope • Dissecting Kit
• Radio • Copier
• Tape Recorders • Calculator
• Television Set • Measuring
• Projectors
equipment
• Camera
• Timer
02
USING
AUDIOVISU
AL MEDIA
BACKGROUND
• Audiovisual media are integral components
of almost all teaching strategies.
• They are often referred to as
"substrategies" since their role is as
important as the preferred methodology to
be employed.
• They never fail to arouse the students'
curiosity and sustain their interest
especially when a new topic is being
introduced.
• They serve as stimuli which can cause
positive interaction.
 PURPOSE
AUDIOVISUAL MEDIA CAN BE USED FOR THE
FOLLOWING PURPOSES:
a.) In presenting a new lesson or topic.
b.) In presenting events and landscape such as historic landing on
the moon, natural occurrences such as volcanic eruption and scenic
landforms like hills and islands.
c.) Various types of audiovisual media can be used to individualize
instruction according to the students' learning styles.
d.) The media itself can serve as the "take-off point" for the planned
lerning activities.
e. ) Audiovisual media in the form of equipment like recorders,
transparencies and projectors can be used over and over again.
TYPES OF AUDIOVISUAL
VARIOUS TYPESMEDIA
THAT COULD BE USED FOR
COMMUNICATING IDEAS ARE GROUPED INTO
THE FOLLOWING:
• PRINT MATERIALS
• MODELS, MINIATURES AND MOCK-UPS
• BULLETIN BOARDS AND CHALKBOARDS
• PROJECTED STILL PICTURES
• AUDIO MEDIA
• VIDEOTAPES AND FILMS
• TELEVISION
• COMPUTERS
• REALIA
 PRINT
MATERIALS
• It includes instructional books and content are
textbooks which are used side by side with subjects in
the curriculum.
• Library books are used to supplements materials in the
text books provide facts related to special topics being
studied.
 ADVANTAGES
• Books can be used many times and for longer periods of
time when necessary.
• Books are well written.
• Prints present accurate facts and related information.
• The varied colors, actions and beautiful sceneries are
always enjoyed by readers.
• Magazines focus on current topics and are suited for
recreational reading.
 ADVANTAGES
6. Some pictures could be mounted to add to a
collection.
7. Journals, pamphlets and printed handouts are easy
sources of additional imformation.
 SUGGESTIONS
• Encourage children to read printed materials. Love
for books could be developed at an early age.
• Advise them to have a dictionary nearby to find out
the meaning of some new and difficult words.
• Remind them to handle books with care especially
the soft pages
• Aim to build up a mini-library with the books
acquired regulary. Arrange them neatly and orderly
for easy sorting and retrieval.
• Include books that are read for pleasure and
enjoyment
MODELS, MINIATURES AND
MOCK-UPS
• Models are three-dimensional replicas of actual
objects.
• They are usually made smaller or larger than the real
objects.
• Mock-ups are replicas with parts that could be made
detachable.
• Graphs, charts, and maps are flat representations that
are easy to understand. They can be prepared by
students.
 ADVANTAGES
• Large objects like trees, giant animals, and tall buildings
can be studied in the classroom through models and
miniatures.
• In addition to learning the lesson, hands-on experience in
constructing replicas develop a keen sense of
approximating measurements or scales, be it in enlarging
or reducing the size of the objects.
• The practice likewise put to good use the artistic and
creative nature of the young.
• This form of visuals can be displayed in shelves for a
longer time and are easily available for reuse.
 BULLETIN BOARDS AND
CHALKBOARD
BULLETIN BOARD
• is tacked on a wall usually located at the sides or at
the back.
• is made of soft board or cork for easy pinning of
photographs, clippings, outstanding paperworks,
notices of coming events etc.
CHALKBOARD
• is located infront of the room and is used for giving
instructions for the day's lesson, detailed information
during discussions or written work to be answered.
 ADVANTAGES
• They can be strategically located on walls which could
easily attract attention.
• Facts and information related to the lesson could be
attached ahead and could be read just on time.
• Chalkboards if erased well could be used as much as the
need arises. Neat boards are pleasant to view.
• Students look forward to seeing posted notice of
recognitions and awards received by the class or their
members.
• Let the students assist in constructing diagrams,
tabulations and graphs on the chalkboard for added
learning.
 PROJECT STILL PICTURES

The commonly used types of projected still pictures are:

• slides
• filmstrips
• overhead transparencies
• opaque projections
• Pictures contained in slides could be viewed
depending on the sequence of your choice.
• Filmstrips can be used similar to slides.
• Overhead projector is used to project images on
screen.
• Overhead projectors project images through
transparancies, an opaque projectors produces images
from materials that are not transparents
 ADVANTAGES
• An overhead projector can easily show pictures, diagrams
and sketches that are needed during the discussions.
• Transparencies can easily be prepared by both the teacher
and the students.
• Transparencies can be used over and over again.
• Projectors can easy to operate in a large groups.
 AUDIO MEDIA
• The most commonly used type of audio media are the
radio and audio recordings.
• Radios are readily available, not so expensive and can
reach farflung areas of the country. Many radio
stations broadcast educational programs.
• Audiotape recorders can be used to record their
recitations, and other oral renditions that can be
played back to check some errors or improve their
performance.
 ADVANTAGES
• It is the best way to improve the student's listening and
speaking skills.
• Tapes could be recorded by the teacher or students. They
could be erased and reused.
• Audiotape records are easy to operate.
• When used with the headphones there is lesser
distraction.
• It is easy to own a mini-tape-library.
 VIDEOTAPES AND FILMS
• Videotapes and films can be used to create interest in
a given learning activity or to initiate a discussion of a
special topic.
• A film contains the lesson and can be used as a
complete methodology by itself. It can provide a
straightforward presentation of subject matter through
colorful illustrations and narrations.
 ADVANTAGES

• Action can easily attract and motivate students to learn.

• Lessons that need correct and clear sequencing of events
can be shown through films.
• Films can be used for big groups.
 TELEVISION
Educational television programs are scheduled and are
available for use in schools within the area. Before the
time of public television broadcast write on the board
words and ideas which will be discussed.
 ADVANTAGES
• It never fails to catch the curiosity and interest of the
students.
• Documentaries and cultural programs are best viewed on
regular television programs.
• Regular broadcast may be assigned for viewing at home
during weekends.
• ,Make sure that will be viewed is relevant to the lesson.
 COMPUTERS
• Computers could be used in presenting the day's
lesson, solving problems and providing educational
games.
• School should aim for achieving "computer literacy"
and providing experience in operating a unit.
 ADVANTAGES
• Drill-and-practice programs and tutorial programs offer
skill instruction and a practice component.
• Games and stimulations provide recreation and content
knowledge, hence reinforce classroom learning.
• Microcomputers can be used to provide enrichment in
school subjects.
 REALIA
• The real objects and materials that are naturally
available in the environment (homes, school,
community) are the best visual media for effective
lesson presentation.
 ADVANTAGES
• Readily available in the surroundings at the time needed.
• Inexpensive and can be reused many times
• Appear familiar to them, no need for detailed
explanation.
• highly motivating
• Last longer and can be stored safely.
• Most accurate, appropriate and real.
 SELECTING AUDIOVISUAL
a.) Find out what resources MEDIA
are available in the Learning
Resource Center.
They usually have the following:
slides, filmstrips, audiotapes
transparencies, videotapes, projectors

b.) Check the resource materials from the library:

supplementary reading materials, periodicals, references,
essays, and literary pieces.

c.) From the media center:

maps, globes, charts, files, of photographs, artwork, models,
miniatures
computers, TV sets, radio, software
 CRITERIA FOR SELECTING
• RELEVANCE TO THE LESSON
• APPROPRIATENESS
• QUALITY OF MATERIALS
• OBJECTIVITY
• AVAILABILITY
• IN CHOOSING COMPUTER SOFTWARE:
• make sure that the format of the software is appropriate for
the computer hardware
• that the software was designed to be used on the type of
your computer that the program is "user-friendly"
• check the program out for sound effects.
03
EXPLORING
COMMUNITY
RESOURCES
BACKGROUND
As a teaching strategy, exploring
community resources necessarily take the
students out of the classroom to places
where they can come face-to-face with
objects, people and nature. It is an effective
way to familiarizing the students with their
own environment, thereby facilitating
spontaneous and life-like learning.
 INSTRUCTIONAL
CHARACTERISTICS
1. This methodology brings the school close to the community. The
community in turn gets involved in school activities where their children are
most of the time.
2. The knowledge and experience gained by exploring learning resources in
the area makes them appreciative and grateful for the bountiful first-hand
materials readily available for study.
3. Learning activities in it become more meaningful and true-to-life rather
than those that are acquired through the printed pages.
4 Going out to the community initially motivates the students to be active
and observant, giving vent to their innate curiosity and interest in what is
happening or anything new in their surroundings.
 INSTRUCTIONAL
CHARACTERISTICS
5. A reciprocal arrangement of academic and social activities worth
undertaking will occur, thus benefiting both school personnel and community
population.
6. A resource person can often attract attention and curiosity. They are experts
and will be more credible and impressive.
 LIMITATION
1. There are hazards in traveling in big groups.
2. Proper planning and pre-tour preparation can be time
consuming.
3. Difficulty in scheduling the meeting with the experts in one
constraint.
4. Unclear objectives and inadequate background information
make it difficult to reach the learning objectives.
 SUGGESTION/
RECOMMENDATION
Before undertaking this educational exploration, here are some pointers:
1. The teacher must be familiar with the possible learning resources of the
community.
2. The objectives of the trip must be discussed with the students in order to
focus their attention.
3. Prior preparation should include:
a) Appropriate attire
b) Proper behavior
c) Safety precautions and
d) Tools and materials that will be needed and
e) Punctuality
 4. Include the student representatives in selecting the site ad in
planning this out-of-the-classroom activity. This will help them in tracing
the causes of success or failure during evaluation time.
5. Assign committees with a leader who will be responsible for their
conduct, especially during transfers from one place to another or during
time of need.
6 Remind them to be courteous and respectful when meeting with
authorities and specialist in the community. Express gratitude or write a
letter of thanks later.
7. The resource person must be informed about the age, grade level,
interest and background.
8. The whole class should evaluate the benefits gained from the trip,
both from the standpoint of the lesson’s objectives as well as their
personal satisfaction and enjoyment.
 SAMPLE COMMUNITY
RESOURCE CENTERS
a) Learning Centers

Parks and plaza, monuments,

markers, Plant nursery, aviary,
pond, poultry, Town library,
museum, art exhibits etc.
 SAMPLE COMMUNITY
RESOURCE CENTERS
b.) Industrial Centers
Marketplace, stalls, garments store,
Bookstores and newsstand
Photoshop, printing press
Hardware store, construction
supplies, sports goods store,
toyland, restaurants, food
processing Center etc.
 SAMPLE COMMUNITY
RESOURCE CENTERS
c.) National Establishments

Government offices, town council,

police station, fire station, Health
Center, clinics, hospital, sports
center, basketball courts, stadium,
PLDT offices etc.
 SAMPLE COMMUNITY
RESOURCE CENTERS
d.) Human Resources

Scientists, inventors, Doctors,

nurses, dentists, therapists, Mayor,
councilor, Policeman, fireman,
Professor, School Administrators
etc.
 SAMPLE COMMUNITY
RESOURCE CENTERS
e.) Materials and Objects

Animal Homes, beehive nests,

anthill, cages, Garden tools,
fertilizers, seed bank, Newspapers,
books, magazines etc.
THANK
YOU!
Any questions? Don't hesitate to
ask for our help
 QUIZ
1. This are integral components of almost all teaching strategies. They are often referred to as
“substrategies” since their role is as important as the preferred methodology to be employed.
2-3. Give at least 2 Suggested Instructional Devices.
4. This types of Audiovisual Media includes instructional books and content area textbooks
which are used side y side with subjects in the curriculum.
5. The most commonly used type of audio media are the radio and audio recordings.
6. It is can be used to create interest in a given learning activity or to initiate a discussion of a
special topic.
7. It could be used in presenting the day’s lesson, solving problems, and providing educational
game.
8. As a teaching strategy, this is necessarily take the students out of the classroom to places
where they can come face-to-face with objects, people and nature.
9-10. Give at least 2 Sample Community Resource Centers.