FRIDAY, 2 ND

JUNE, 2023
LITERATURE
WALA: INTRODUCTION TO POETRY

WALT:

 DEFINE, STATE AND EXPLAIN TYPES OF POETRY.

 STATE AND EXPLAIN ELEMENTS OF POETRY.

 STATE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF POETRY.

KEY WORDS:

QUATRAIN- A PIECE OF VERSE COMPLETE IN FOUR RHYMED LINES.

SONNET, LYRICS, BALLAD

• INTRODUCTION

• DEFINITION OF POETRY

(A) SONNET: A SONNET IS A ONE-STANZA POEM OF FOURTH LINES, WRITTEN IN IAMBIC

PENTAMETER. ONE WAY TO DESCRIBE A VERSE LINE IS TO TALK ABOUT HOW MANY STRESSED AND
UNSTRESSED SYLLABLES ARE IN THE LINE. A SIMPLE GROUPING OF SYLLABLES, SOME STRESSED,
SOME UNSTRESSED, IS CALLED A FOOT. THE IAMBIC FOOT IS AN UNSTRESSED SYLLABLE
FOLLOWED BY A STRESSED SYLLABLE. PENTAMETER MEANS THERE ARE FIVE FEET IN THE
LINE. ,”IAMBIC AND PENTAMETER,” THEN, MEANS A LINE OF TEN SYLLABLES, WHICH ALTERNATES
UNSTRESSED AND STRESSED SYLLABLES ACCORDING TO THE IAMBIC RHYTHM.

(B) ODE: ODE MEANS A MUSICAL POEM. THIS IS A POEM THAT HAS A COMPLEX STRUCTURE AND
LANGUAGE OF GOOD QUALITY THAT IS MEANT TO BE SUNG. THE WORD ODE IS OF GREEK ORIGIN
AND IS DERIVED FROM THE WORD “ODE”.

(C) LYRICS: LYRICS ARE A SET OF WORDS THAT MAKE UP A SONG, USUALLY CONSISTING OF VERSES
AND CHORUSES. THE WRITER OF LYRICS IS A LYRICIST. THE WORDS OF AN EXTENDED MUSICAL
COMPOSITION SUCH AS AN OPERA ARE, HOWEVER, USUALLY KNOWN AS A “LIBRETTO” AND THEIR
WRITER, AS A “LIBRETTIST”. THE MEANING OF LYRICS CAN EITHER BE EXPLICIT OR IMPLICIT. SOME
LYRICS ARE ABSTRACT, ALMOST UNINTELLIGIBLE, AND, IN SUCH CASES, THEIR EXPLICATION
EMPHASIZES FORM ARTICULATION, METER AND SYMMETRY OF EXPRESSION.
(d) Ballad: A ballad is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads derive from the medieval French
chanson balladeer or ballade, which where original dancing songs. Ballad are particularly characteristics of the
popular poetry and some of the British Isles from the later mediaeval period until the 19th century and used
extensively across Europe and the Americas, Australia and North Africa. Many ballads were written and sold as
single sheet broadsides. The form was often used by poets and composers from the 18th century onwards to
produce lyrical ballads. In the later 19th century it took on the meaning of a slow form of popular love song and
the term is now often used as synonymous with love song, particular the pop or rock power ballad.

(e) Epic: An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic
deeds and events significance to a culture or nation. Oral poetry may qualify as an epic, and Albert Lord and
Milman Parry have argued that classical epics were fundamentally an oral poetic form. Another type of epic poetry
is epyllion (plural: epyllia), which is a brief narrative poem with a romantic or mythological theme. The term, which
means “little epic”, came into use in the 19th century. It refers primarily to the erudite, shorter hexameter poems
of the Hellenistic period and the similar works composed at Rome from the age of the neoterics; to a lesser
degree, the term includes some poems of the English Renaissance, particularly those influenced by Ovid.

(f) Lullaby: A lullaby is a soothing piece of music, usually played or sung to young children before they go to sleep,
with the intention of aiding that process. As a result, the music is often simple and repetitive. Lullabies can be
found in many countries, and have existed since ancient times.
 BALLAD RECIPE
• TELLS A STORY, USUALLY TRAGIC
• QUATRAINS (4 LINE STANZAS), WHICH PROVIDE SHORT
SCENES OF A STORY
• RHYME SCHEME OF ABCB
• REGULAR, STRONG RHYTHM
• LONGER FIRST AND THIRD LINE (6,5,6,5 OR 7,6,7,6
SYLLABLES)
• MAY USE DIALOGUE AND QUESTIONS
• MAY END WITH A MORAL OR ADDRESS THE READER
• HTTPS://YOUTU.BE/F805XSRNB-E
• CHARACTERISTICS OF POETRY
• I. POETRY IS A COMPOSITION OF WHICH EXPRESSES IDEAS OR FEELINGS IN LINES.
II. POETRY TENDS TO HAVE REGULAR RHYTHMIC PATTERN.
III. POETRY USUALLY MAKES USE OF CAREFULLY CHOSEN WORDS AND FIGURES
OF SPEECH.
IV. POETRY IS USUALLY BEAUTIFUL.
V. IT IS OFTEN DIVIDED INTO STANZAS.
• ELEMENTS OF POETRY
• 1. THEME: IN CONTEMPORARY LITERARY STUDIES, A THEME IS CENTRAL TOPIC A TEXT TREATS. THEMES CAN BE DIVIDED INTO
TWO CATEGORIES: A WORK’S THEMATIC CONCEPT IS WHAT READERS “THINK THE WORK IS ABOUT” AND ITS THEMATIC
STATEMENT BEING “WHAT THE WORK SAYS ABOUT THE SUBJECT”. THE MOST COMMON CONTEMPORARY UNDERSTANDING
OF THEME IS AN IDEA OR CONCEPT THAT IS CENTRAL TO A STORY, WHICH CAN OFTEN BE SUMMED IN A SINGLE WORD (E.G
LOVE, DEATH, BETRAYAL). TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF THEMES OF THIS TYPE ARE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE
SOCIETY; COMING OF AGE; HUMANS IN CONFLICT BETWEEN THE NOSTALGIA; AND THE DANGERS OF UNCHECKED
AMBITION. A THEME MAY BE EXEMPLIFIED BY THE ACTIONS, UTTERANCES OR THOUGHTS OF A CHARACTER IN A NOVEL.
AN EXAMPLE OF THIS WOULD BE THE THEME OF LONELINESS IN JOHN STEINBECK’S OF MICE AND MEN, WHEREIN MANY OF
THE CHARACTERS SEEM TO BE LONELY. IT MAY DIFFER FROM THE THESIS – THE TEXT’S OR AUTHOR’S IMPLIED WORLDVIEW.
2. AUTHORIAL AND TEXTUAL BACKGROUND: AN AUTHOR IS BROADLY DEFINED AS “THAT PERSON WHO ORIGINATED OR
GAVE EXISTENCE TO ANYTHING” AND WHOSE AUTHORSHIP DETERMINES RESPONSIBILITY FOR WHAT WAS CREATED.
NARROWLY DEFINED, AN AUTHOR IS THE ORIGINATOR OF ANY WRITTEN WORK AND CAN ALSO BE DESCRIBED AS A WRITER.
• 3. SUBJECT MATTER: IT IS PLOT, SO TO SPEAK, OF THE POEM. IT IS WHAT HAPPENS IN THE POEM, THE ACTION OF THE STORY. IT IS WHAT
EVENT, SITUATION OR EXPERIENCE A POEM HAS DESCRIBED OR RECORD? WHO IS THE SPEAKER? IT CAN ALSO BE DESCRIBED AS THE
TOPIC OF THE POEM OR WHAT THE POEM IS ALL ABOUT.
4. METER: IN POETRY, METER IS THE BASIC RHYTHMIC STRUCTURE OF A VERSE OR LINES IN VERSE. MANY TRADITIONAL VERSE FORMS
PRESCRIBE A SPECIFIC VERSE METER, OR A CERTAIN SET OF METERS ALTERNATING IN A PARTICULAR ORDER. THE STUDY OF METERS AND
FORMS OF VERIFICATION IS KNOWN AS PROSODY. ( WITHIN LINGUISTICS, “PROSODY” IS USED IN A MORE GENERAL SENSE THAT
INCLUDES NOT ONLY POETICWTER BUT ALSO THE RHYTHMIC ASPECTS OF PROSE, WHETHER FORMAL OR INFORMAL, WHICH VARY
FROM LANGUAGE TO LANGUAGE, AND SOMETIMES BETWEEN POETIC TRADITIONS).
5. RHYTHM: IN THE PERFORMING ARTS, RHYTHM IS THE TIMING OF EVENTS ON A HUMAN SCALE; OF MUSICAL SOUNDS AND SILENCES,
OF THE STEPS OF A DANCE, OR THE METER OF SPOKEN LANGUAGE AND POETRY. RHYTHM MAY ALSO REFER TO VISUAL PRESENTATION,
AS “TIMED MOVEMENT THROUGH SPACE”, AND A COMMON LANGUAGE OF PATTERN UNITES RHYTHM WITH GEOMETRY. IN RECENT
YEARS, RHYTHM AND METER HAVE BECOME AN IMPORTANT AREA OF RESEARCH AMONG MUSIC SCHOLARS.
6. FIGURES OF SPEECH: A FIGURE OF SPEECH IS THE USE OF A WORD OR PHRASE WHICH TRANSCENDS ITS LITERAL INTERPRETATION. IT
CAN BE A SPECIAL REPETITION, ARRANGEMENT OR OMISSION OF WORDS WITH LITERAL MEANING, OR A PHRASE WITH A SPECIALIZED
MEANING NOT BASED ON THE LITERAL MEANING OF THE WORDS IN IT, AS IN IDIOM, METAPHOR, SIMILE, HYPERBOLE, PERSONIFICATION,
OR SYNECDOCHE. FIGURES OF SPEECH OFTEN PROVIDE EMPHASIS, FRESHNESS OF EXPRESSION, OR CLARITY. HOWEVER, CLARITY MAY
ALSO SUFFER FROM THEIR USE, AS ANY FIGURE OF SPEECH INTRODUCES AN AMBIGUITY BETWEEN LITERAL AND FIGURATIVE
INTERPRETATION. A FIGURE OF SPEECH IS SOMETIMES CALLED A RHETORICAL FIGURE OR A LOCUTION.
7. TONE: TONE IS A LITERARY COMPOSITION, WHICH ENCOMPASSES THE ATTITUDES TOWARD THE SUBJECT AND TOWARD THE
AUDIENCE IMPLIED IN A LITERARY WORK. TONE MAY BE FORMAL, INFORMAL, INTIMATE, SOLEMN, SOMBER, PLAYFUL, SERIOUS, IRONIC,
CONDESCENDING, OR MANY OTHER POSSIBLE ATTITUDES. EACH PIECE OF LITERATURE HAS AT LEAST ONE THEME OR CENTRAL
QUESTION ABOUT A TOPIC, AND HOW THE THEME IS APPROACHED WITHIN THE WORK IS KNOWN AS THE TONE.
8. MOODS: A MOOD IS AN EMOTIONAL STATE. MOODS DIFFER FROM EMOTIONS IN THAT THEY ARE LESS SPECIFIC, LESS INTENSE AND
LESS LIKELY TO BE TRIGGERED BY A PARTICULAR STIMULUS OR EVENT. MOODS GENERALLY HAVE EITHER A POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE
VALENCE. IN OTHER WORDS, PEOPLE TYPICALLY SPEAK OF BEING IN A GOOD MOOD OR A BAD MOOD. MOOD ALSO DIFFERS FROM
TEMPERAMENT OR PERSONALITY TRAITS WHICH ARE EVEN LONGER LASTING.

• FORMS OF POETRY
 TYPES OF POETRY HTTPS://SLIDEPLAYER.COM/SLIDE/14112031/?AUTHUSER=0
SOME TYPES WITH EXAMPLES USING A PPT PRESENTATION.
WALT 1- COMPARE SOME FEATURES OF TYPES OF POETRY TO DETERMINE ITS TYPE AND THEN
WRITE THE MEANING OF POETRY IN YOUR OWN WORDS.

DEVELOPMENT
STUDENTS WILL LEARN ABOUT THE ELEMENTS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF POEM.

• GROUP TASK
• THEY CHOOSE WALT TOPICS AT RANDOM TO PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT WHAT THEY
HAVE LEARNT AND PRESENT TO ONE ANOTHER IN GROUPS.
•  
• CLASS ACTIVITY: WALT 1 AND 2
• ANSWER QUESTIONS ABOUT ELEMENTS, CHARACTERISTICS AND OTHER FEATURES OF
POETRY. (WORKSHEETS)