Term paper: A reflective

study the development of

parent education program

Lim Wee Nee

Department of Education and Human Potential
Development
ECE_50500 Research on Parent Education
Professor Chen
 Table of contents
01 02 03
Introduction Parent education Culture and parenting
Definition, challenge ,
Motivation and issues Cultural lens and cultural ecologucal
empowerment
approach

04 05 06
Culturally responsive parenting Reflections Conclusions

Cultural deficit Parent handbook for Iban You can describe the topic of
Culturally responsive parenting the section
and examples
01 Introduction
Motivation and issues
Percentages of mental health issues among children
from… (Ministry of Health, 2019)

8.8% 7.3%
Rural Urban
 Malaysia Education Blueprint
Indigenous group Orang Asli

68% 30%

Rural area Complete secondary school

Longitudinal study of Malaysian school children
emotional and behavior problem

10% Children
Long term effect:
Externalizating:
aggression, hyperactivity and
impulsivity
Internalization:
Withdraw, anxiety ,depression

(Basten et al., 2016; Idris, 2018)

 Starting earlier are the best
preventive strategies to
prevent later dysfunctional
social emotional development
and promote healthy mental
health. .”

Basten et al., 2016;

Parenting
Preventive measures
 Malaysia parent education

Developing Secondary preventive Programs

country Rresearch
measure
Immature By goverment Limited to
Survival basis
Increase number none
counsellors
 Malaysia: Program identified but not updated

Program pengurusan
Kursus Pro Perkahwinan Program Ilmu keluarga kewangan keluarga smart
Smartstart belanja
Parent education program
Pre-marriage progran Financial program

Kursus Mengimbangi
Program pendidikan keluarga dan kerjaya Sarana Ibu bapa
keselamatan keluarga
Family and work balance Parent involvement
Child health and safety course
 Malaysia: The issues related these program
Not cultural Less research
responsive
little to no empirical study
the limited parent education about effectiveness of
program available program among
parents of Malaysia
of the programs
Neglection of needy
parent
Mostly only involved
government servant and
urban parents
02 Parent education
Definition and empowerment
parent education as a systematic and conceptually
based program, intended to impart information,
awareness, or skills to the participants on aspects
of parenting.

Fine (2014)
 3 common perspective of parent education

Parent mediated perspective systematic perspective empowerment

parent education as a recent ecological respecting parents for

process to impart
information, technique,
and attitude to improve
rapport and followed by
child development
developmental system
theory that the
complexity of children
development that
influenced by context
from time to culture.
fulfilling their
responsibilities
competently and more
suitable for family from
disadvantage background

(Bennett & Grimley, 2001; Shuey & Leventhal, 2019 ;Lam, 2003).
 Parent empowerment
Goal Work

Focus on attainable goal Work alone or with other

 Challenges
they have little control in life which makes
Limited participation by
#1 Participation families in real need
them belittle their abilities to sharpen their
child development (Hoff & Laursen, 2019).

Stigmatized thought related to “parent education” carried a hidden idea

#2 Stigmatized “punishment” about parent that parents are inadequate, inefficient or
education. insufficient that needs remediation
through program (Lam, 2003).

Unfriendly terminology and

#3 Jargon ideas in the program
This indeed is this potential cultural bias of
parent education as mentioned by (Lam, 2003)
 Meta analysis parenthood readiness

95% 75%
Know good parents is important NOT READY for parenthood
 The existence of parent education programs
suggests that there is an ideal or “good” parent,
although conceptions of parenting vary across
cultures.

(Morris et al., 2020).

Parent education Parent empowerment

03 Culture and
parenting
Cultural lens
 Cultural lens

Cultural relativism
Ethnocentrism Cultural imperialism Xenocentricm
Belief that his or her the intentional imposing one’s practice of assessing culture by one’s belief that another
culture is better than own presumably advanced the culture own standards rather culture is better than
other- standard (Booth, cultural values on another culture than viewing it through the lens of own. (Yongkun, 2018)
2014). (Hanson, 2004) one’s own culture
 Cultural ecological approach

Bronfenbrenner bioecological
model The developmental nich

Interaction between individuals in the Focus on cultural context in

environment in the system understanding chiild development
04 Cultural responsive
parent education
Cultural deficit
Culturally responsive parenting and examples
 Culture?
Racial and ethnic

Historical and Nationality Religion and belief

geographical
Malaysian? Indonesian and Chrisitan? Muslim?
Urban and rural Taiwan

Language and Gender and sexual

communication Socioeconomic status orientation
Bilingual? Chinese or non- Low, Middle, High Homosexual and heterosexual
chinese?
“Fix” parents?

General parent education must shift

from deficit theorizing applied to
parent and groups (SES and races)
reflected in practices designed for a
monoculture mainstream (Western
parenting idea?)
 A picture always
reinforces
the concept
Images reveal large amounts of data,
so remember: use an image instead
of long texts

https://www.cebc4cw.org/program/chicago-parent-program/detailed
 Chicago Parent education

1 2
Parent advisory Discussion about
council PAC skeptisicm (Parent child
play)

3 4
Compromise or not Group leader
manual
(Spanking or time
out )
 Other cultural responsive program

Growing child US 1971-today Turkey empowerment model 2001-today

Strengthen children and mother by enrichment from
Adaptation to other countries
low ses background

Culturally adapted evidence based parenting program 2011-2023

Promoting sensitive responsive parenting for socioeconomically disadvantage families
05 Reflections
Explicit and implicit
 #1 Language unfriendly

#2 No communication at all

Reflections
#3 Merely translation

#4 Cultural deficit lens

Thanks!
Do you have any questions?

addyouremail@freepik.com
+91 620 421 838
yourcompany.com
CREDITS: This presentation template was created by
Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, and infographics &
images by Freepik