Emerging Building materials

Architecture Program

School of civil Engineering & Architecture

Adama Science and Technology University

Semester I

2020/21

BIYADGLIGN T.
Introduction to Concrete Technology

 concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates (rocks )

 The paste, composed essentially of Portland cement
and water, coats the surface of the fine (small)
aggregates
 Through a series of chemical reactions called
hydration, the paste hardens and gains strength to form
the rock-like mass known as concrete.
Concrete Technology
concrete as a wall
Concrete Technology
Concrete as a roof
Concrete Technology
Concrete to curve structure
 Concrete Technology

The material called concrete is made three or

four basic ingredients, usually called concrete
making materials. These materials for
concrete are:
 Hydraulic cement, usually Portland cement
 Mineral aggregate(s)
 Water
 Admixture(s) (Emerging technology in concrete)
 Workability:
 The property of the concrete that determines its
capacity to be placed and consolidated properly and
be finished without harmful segregation.
 Concrete is said to be workable when it is easily
placed and compacted homogeneously
 Unworkable concrete needs more work or effort to
be compacted in place, also honeycombs &/or
pockets may also be visible in finished concrete.
 Factors affecting workability:
 Water content in the concrete mix
 Amount of cement & its Properties
 Aggregate Grading (Size Distribution)
 Nature of Aggregate Particles (Shape, Surface
Texture, Porosity etc.)
 Temperature of the concrete mix
 Mode of compaction
 Method of placement of concrete
 Setting time

 Setting is the term used to describe the stiffening of the cement

paste,
paste
 Setting refers to a change from a fluid to a rigid stage.
stage
 During setting, the paste acquires some strength,
strength
 For practical purposes it is important to distinguish setting from
hardening,
hardening which refers to the gain of strength of a set cement
paste.
Time required for setting is influenced by:

Temperature:
o At low temperatures setting is retarded.

Water content:
o The quantity of water required in making a paste must be
right quantity for complete hydration of cement.
o Less water result in incomplete hydration,
hydration
o Extra quantity will bleed out after cement is set.
Time required for setting is influenced by:

Fineness of the Cement:

o The greater the cement fineness the greater the rate of
hydration and
o Hence the shorter the setting time.
time

Chemical Composition:
o Setting is caused by a selective hydration of cement
compounds:
o the two first to react are C3A and C3S.
C3S
 Compressive Strength

 The capacity of material or structure to withstand loads

tending to reduce size
 In other words , compressive strength resist Compression
(being pushed together)
 Strength of concrete can be determined by two methods i.e.
 Destructive (Cube test)
 Non destructive (Rebound Hammer Test)
 Compressive Strength
 Hammer test (rebound hammer) : used to measure
surface strength and penetration resistance of
concrete
 Cube test


The compressive strength of concrete cubes has to confirm to the following
according to Ethiopian standard.
standard
For Ordinary Portland cement:
3 days 35%
7 days 65%
14 days 85%
Strength development
 Water-cement (w/c) ratio

Compressive strength at 28
Water-cement ratio by weight
days
(Non-air-entrained concrete)
(MPa)
40 0.42
35 0.47
30 0.54
25 0.61
20 0.69
15 0.79
Compressive Strength of concrete:
PORTLAND CEMENT
 Portland cement is one of the most widely used construction
material and is the most important hydraulic cement.
 hydraulic cement is a product used to stop water and leaks in
concrete and masonry structure
 It’s a type of cement similar to mortar, that sets extremely fast
and harden after it has been mixed with water
 Portland Cement → Gypsum + Portland Cement Clinker
(pulverizing)
 Portland Cement Clinker → Calcareous & Clayey Materials
(burning)
 Paste → P.C. + Water
 Mortar → P.C. + Water + Sand (<4.75mm)
 Concrete → P.C. + Water + Sand (<4.75mm) + Gravel (>4.75mm)
CLINKER GYPSUM
 Types of cement & Influence of Compound
Composition on Characteristics of P.C.

Average Compound
ASTM Type & Composition
Name of P.C.
C3 S C2 S C3 A C4AF  
Type I - O.P.C. 49 25 12 8 General Purpose
For Moderate Heat of
Type II - Modified 46 29 6 12 Hydration
Type III - High Early C3S&C3A increased, C2S
Strength 56 15 12 8 decreased
Type IV - Low Heat
P.C. 30 46 5 13 C2S increased

Type V - Sulfate Limit on C3A≤5%,

Resistant P.C. 43 36 4 12 2C3A+C4AF≤25%
Type I (Normal Portland cement)
 Normal Portland cement is general-purpose cement.
cement
 It is used when the special properties specified for any other type are not
required.
 It is used where there would be no severe climate changes or severe exposure
to sulfate attack from water or soil.
 Its uses include reinforced-concrete buildings, pavements, sidewalks, bridges,
railings, tanks, reservoirs, floors, curbs, culverts, and retaining walls.
 In general, it is used in nearly all situations calling for Portland cement.
Type II (Moderate Portland cement)

 Moderate sulfate resistance or

 Moderate heat of hydration is desired.
 It is used in structures of considerable mass, such as abutments and
piers and retaining walls.
walls
 Its use also minimizes temperature rise when concrete is placed in
warm weather.
Type III (High-Early-Strength Portland cement)

 High early strength is desired, usually less than one

week.
week
 A structure must be put into service as quickly as
possible.
possible
 It is useful for repair works,
wor
 cold weather & for early use.
use
 for the re use of formwork and plywood's
Type IV (Low - Heat of Hydration Portland cement)

 When a low heat of hydration is required.

 Develops strength at a slower rate than does than Type I.
 However, it is intended for mass structures such as large gravity
dams where the temperature rise on a continuous pour is great.
 If the temperature were not minimized,
minimized large cracks or flaws
would appear
 Type V: Sulfate Resistant P.C.

 Used in construction where concrete will be subjected to

external sulfate attack
 SRC is used where the concrete is exposed to the risk of
deterioration due to sulphate attach
 Recommended for
– Basement and under ground structure
– Chemical, sugar, fertilizer and food processing factories
– Construction of building near to sea
Portland-Pozzolana Cement (PPC)

 By grinding & blending P.C. Clinker+ Pozzolan +Gypsum

 Higher sulfate resistance so it can be used in marine structures & mass
concrete.
 Produces less heat of hydration &
 The early strength of PPC is less.
 long continued gain in strength of the concrete.
 Contributes to workability, reduced bleeding
 Recommended to use in hot wether
 White Portland Cement

 White cement has practically the same composition and

has the same strength as Ordinary Portland Cement
 The only difference with other OPC Cement color
 Important to achieve architectural and aesthetic
projects that make cities more beautiful
 Produce white precast concrete for urban furniture,
flooring and structural elements
 To produce white & colored mortar that give character
 WHAT IS
EMERGING
TECHNOLOGY IN
CONCRETE;;
 Concrete Admixture

 Chemical admixtures are the ingredients in concrete

other than Portland cement, water, and aggregate that
are added to the mix immediately before or during
mixing.
 Most admixtures are supplied in ready-to-use liquid
form and are added to the concrete at the plant or at
the jobsite
Concrete Admixture
Admixture
 Uses of Concrete Admixture

 To reduce the cost of concrete construction

 To modify the properties of hardened concrete
 to ensure the quality of concrete during mixing, transporting,
placing, and curing
 to overcome certain emergencies during concrete operations. 
 To control strength development
The effectiveness of an admixture depends on

 Use of appropriate methods of batching and

concreting
 Type and amount of cement
 water content
 Slump
 Aggregate (fine and course) quality & gradation
 temperatures of the concrete and air
 Types of concrete admixture

 Water-reducing admixtures 
 Retarding admixtures
 Accelerating admixtures 
 Super plasticizers
 Corrosion-inhibiting admixtures 
 Water-reducing admixtures
 Usually reduce the required water content for a
concrete mixture by about 5 to 10 percent.
 concrete containing a water-reducing admixture
needs less water to reach a required slump than
untreated concrete
 The treated concrete can have a lower water-cement
ratio
 This usually indicates that a higher strength concrete
can be produced without increasing the amount of
cement.
 Retarding admixtures
 which slow the setting rate and of concrete
 used to counteract the accelerating effect of hot
weather on concrete setting.
 High temperatures often cause an increased rate of
hardening which makes placing and finishing
difficult
 Retarders keep concrete workable during
placement and delay the initial set of concrete
 Accelerating admixtures 

 Increase the rate of early strength development,

 Reduce the time required for proper curing and
protection
 Accelerating admixtures are especially useful for
modifying the properties of concrete in cold weather. 
 Fasten formwork releasing time (re use time)
 Super plasticizer Admixture

 Also known as plasticizers or high-range water

reducers (HRWR),
 Reduce water content by 12 to 30 percent with out
affecting workability and hv good segregation res
 to produce flowing concrete with a high slump in
the range of seven to nine inches
 For the production of ​high-strength concrete at
w/c's ranging from 0.3 to 0.4.
 Super plasticizer Admixture
 Important to produce flowing concrete when the
concrete is not suitable for compacting & vibration
Corrosion-inhibiting admixtures 
 The shrinkage reducers
 Are used to control drying shrinkage and minimize
cracking
 Drying shrinkage due to excessive vibration and
evaporation water from concrete surface