Cell Cycle

By Dr. Khaled Moustafa

CELL CYCLE
Two major events: 7 phases 1-Mitosis: 4 phases 1 hour cell divides.

2-Interphase: 3phases 20 hours between 2 divisions.

Mitosis
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis

INTERPHASE
G1 (gap1): cell prepare for DNA duplication. S (synthetic): DNA duplicatation.
G2 (gap2): cell prepare for mitosis.

I. Prophase
Chromosomes visible. Each consists of 2 sister chromatids joined by 1 centromere and 2 kinetochores . Kinetochore:microtubule organizing center (MTOC).

Nuclear envelope start to disappear.

Each pair of centrioles moves to one pole of the cell to form mitotic spindle.

II- Metaphase
Disappearance of nuclear envelope. Migration of chromosomes to equatorial plane. Mitotic spindle:
chromosomal microtubules (attached to kinetochores) help in chromatids migration to cell poles. Polar microtubules (not attached to kinetochores) maintain spacing between the two poles.

III- Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate from each other forming 92 chromatids. Each 46 chromatids migrate to one pole. Cleavage furrow form at cell membrane.

IV- Telophase
Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin. Reappearance of nuclei + nuclear envelope.

Cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow deepen. Polar microtubules + contractile ring of filaments separation of daughter cells.

MEIOSIS
cell division producing germ cells
ova and sperms

 In Spermatogenesis
1ry spermatocyte give 4 sperms.

In oogenesis
1ry oocyte give by meiosis I
2ry oocyte + lst polar body

2ry oocyte give by Meiosis II

ova + 2nd polar body

Meiosis I
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Cytokinesis

Prophase I
long time five stages:
leptotene Zygotene Pachytene Diplotene Diakinesis

1-leptotene
Ch visible as long strands.

2-Zygotene
d-ch (each formed of 2 chromatids) arrange in 23 pairs of bivalents. bivalent consists of 4 chromatids (tetrads) .

3- Pachytene
Shortening, thickening and crossing over of ch.

4- Diplotene More condensation of ch occurs.

5- Diakinesis
Maximum condensation of ch. Disappearance of nucleolus.

Metaphase I
Bivalents (tetrads) equatorial plane. arrange in

Microtubules of mitotic attach to chromosomes.

spindle

Anaphase I

Homologous ch migrate to opposite poles.

Telophase I

ch reach opposing poles. nuclei reform.

Cytokinesis 2 daughter cells are formed. each contains 23ch + 2n.

Meiosis II
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Cytokinesis

 like mitosis.
But not preceded by S - phase.