Renewable Energy Systems

Instructor
Dr. Muhammad Rashad
Renewable Energy
Systems (EE02431)
Why Alternate Energy Sources
• The reserve life time of a resource may be
defined as the known accessible amount
divided by the rate of present use. By this
definition, the lifetime of oil and gas
resources is usually only a few decades;
whereas lifetime for coal is a few centuries.
• Economics predicts that as the lifetime of a
fuel reserve shortens, so the fuel price
increases; consequently alternatives enter
the market.
• fossil fuel reserves are limited and so the
present patterns of energy consumption and
growth are not sustainable in the longer
term.
• Clearly, alternate energy sources are needed.
• In particular, CO2 emissions from the combustion of fossil
fuels have significantly raised the concentration of CO2 in
the atmosphere. The balance of scientific opinion is that if
this continues, it will effect the greenhouse and lead to
significant climate change within a century or less, which
could have major adverse impact on food production,
water supply and human, e.g. through floods and
cyclones.
• Consequently, almost all national energy plans include
four vital factors for improving or maintaining social
benefit from energy:
– 1 increase renewable supplies
– 2 increase efficiency of supply and end-use
– 3 reduction in pollution
– 4 consideration of lifestyle
Renewable Energy Sources
We will look at:
Solar energy
Geothermal power
Hydropower
Tidal Power
Ocean thermal energy conversion
Wind energy
Biomass
 Sources of energy

Energy is one of the requirements necessary to run day to day

activities. There are many different sources of energy that are
naturally available throughout the world in different forms. Depending
with energy regeneration, energy can be categorized into two main
different sources which are renewable and non renewable sources.

1. Nonrenewable sources of energy

– Nonrenewable sources of energy have continued to produce constant
energy throughout the world. This is because of their high availability.
Sources of nonrenewable energy can be attributed to natural sources that
are not regenerated once the source is depleted. Sources include fossils
fuels such as coal and petroleum products e.g. natural gas and diesels.
 Pros of non-renewable sources of energy

• Non-renewable sources are cheap and easy to use.

• You can easily fill up your car tank and power your motor vehicle.
You can use small amount of nuclear energy to produce large
amount of power.
• Most nonrenewable sources of energy are easy to transport
from one area to another. For example petroleum oils which can
be transported via pipes.
• Cost of producing nonrenewable energy is low since they are
naturally available. Furthermore they are cheap to transform
from one form of energy to another.
• Most of this energy sources are abundantly(richly) available in
different areas. Their availability is not affected by climatic
condition.
 Cons of non-renewable sources of energy

• Produce harmful green house gases which contribute global

warming. Coal once burnt produces carbon dioxide harmful
to the environment.
• The speed at which such resources are being utilized can
have serious environmental changes.
• Once they are depleted they cannot be replaced making
them expensive to obtain.
• Non-renewable sources release toxic gases in the air when
burnt which are the major cause for global warming.
• Since these sources are going to expire soon, prices of these
sources are rising day by day.
2. Renewable sources of energy
– Any sustainable energy source that comes from natural
environment.
– Renewable sources of energy are obtained from different natural
sources. The main common sources are sunlight, wind, tides and
geothermal.
– Statistics has indicated that renewable sources of energy
comprise approximate 16% of total global energy that is
consumed on daily basis.
– One advantage about this form of energy is that it can be
replaced and used continuously without becoming depleted.
– Renewable sources of energy are mostly used in three different
areas which include:
• electricity generation
• heating (by use of solar hot water)
• motor fuels through the use of renewable bio-fuels.
 Pros of renewable sources of energy
• Renewable sources of energy are renewable and easily regenerated. This is
unlike fossil fuels which are not consumable once used.
• Renewable source of energy such as solar produce clean energy that does not
pollute the environment. This is because no burning is required during usage
of the energy.
– No waste
– No noise
• Most importantly, renewable energy sources are available everywhere
throughout the world thus there is no chance of the sources becoming
depleted in future. For example, solar energy is everywhere as the sun will
always be there every day.
• Can be installed at small scale and can be extended when required.
• Maintenance cost and use the renewable energy is relatively cheap. Solar
energy can be trapped easily and used for domestic needs.
• Renewable sources of energy boost economic growth and increase job
opportunities.
 Cons of renewable sources of energy

• Every set of energy has its own drawbacks once

introduced to the natural science. Some of these
limitations include
– Difficult to produce the energy quantity that is equivalent to
that produced by nonrenewable fuels.
– Technology required to trap renewable energy is costly. Setting
of dams requires high initial capital to construct and maintain.
– Most renewable sources of energy are affected by weather
thus reducing their reliability. For example, hydro generators
need constant rainfall that will overflow the dams, wind
turbines only rotate if there is wind of a given speed.
– Integration of the renewable energy with the existing power
system is a challenge.
Why renewable energy?
 The demand for energy in the country has been
growing rapidly.
 The current trends indicate clearly that the country
would be facing constraints in local availability of
conventional energy resources.
 Inability of the conventional systems to meet
growing energy demands in a reasonable and
sustainable manner.
 Need to efficiently and economically meet the
energy needs of all the citizens, particularly the
rural poor.
 Course Description
• Due to ultimate energy supply constraints imposed by fossil fuel and ever
increasing energy demands from consumers, renewable energy is attaining
much more prominent position as a promisingly viable and necessary
solution. The course covers topics such as distributed generation and its
interconnection issues, photovoltaic, solar-thermal energy, hydro power, fuel
cells, wave energy and wind turbines. Social, economic and environmental
issues related with the renewable-energy technologies will also be
discussed.
• Recommended Text:
– Renewable Energy Resources by John Twidell and Tony Weir, latest Edition, Taylor &
Francis
– Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems by Gilbert M. Masters, A JOHN
WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
– Renewable Energy by Bent Sorensen, latest edition, Elsevier,
– Understanding Renewable Energy Systems by Volker Quaschning, Earthscan
Publications, latest edition
 Course Outline
• Introduction
– A brief history of energy consumption.
– Non-renewable energies & Environment
– The energy future and the role of renewable energy
• Individual Energy Sources
– Solar radiation and Photovoltaic generation
– Hydro-power
– Power from the wind
– Biomass and biofuels
– Geothermal energy and others
• Grid Integration
– Distributed Generation
– Smart Grids and Role of Power Electronics in RESs
– Microgrid, nanogrids and hybrid grids and their control architectures
– Demand side management
– Tariff and price models
World primary energy consumption
Oil consumption by area

17
Energy vs human development
 Pakistan Council of Renewable Energy
Technology(PCRET)
• Government of Pakistan established Pakistan Council of Appropriate
Technology (PCAT) in 1975.
• National institute of Silicon Technology (NIST) in 1981 and Alternate
Energy Development Board (AEDB) in 2003.
• In May 2001 NIST and PCAT merged to become Pakistan Council of
Renewable Energy Technologies(PCRET) thus having two main
departments:
– AEDB and PCRET
– the output of all solar and wind energy systems plus mini/micro hydropower
plants together amounted to less than 3 MW at the end of 1990s.
– In 2005, AEDB was having a mandate of generating 10% of the total installed
capacity in the country from renewable energy sources by 2015.
– But in spite of all these facts, an appreciable amount of development could not
be seen in the country resulting in ever worse energy crisis in the country in the
recent years.
• In 2019, the Alternative and Renewable Energy
Policy was introduced to assist and promote the
development of renewable resources in the country.
• The main objective of the policy was to provide
supportive environment for renewable power
projects, increase the share of green energy capacity
to 20 percent by 2025 and 30 percent by 2030
through attracting private capital in the area of
green energy.
Electricity generation capacity-PAKISTAN
Power System and its components
Important Components of Power System

I. Generation System
II. Transmission System
III. Distribution System
 Power System and its components
Important Components of Power System
Generation

Power Plant
500 kV Transmission Extra-High-Voltage Substation
(500/230 kV)

Commercial/ 230 kV
Industrial Transmission Transmission
Customer System

Distribution Substation
Urban (69/12 kV) 69 kV Sub-transmission
Customers Distribution
System
(12kV)
High-Voltage Substation
Distribution Line (230/69 kV)
Overhead
Distribution
Underground Cable Transformer

To Other
High-Voltage
Residential Residential
Underground Substations
Customer Customer
Distribution Transfomer
 Power System and its components

Power System

If any one of these components are insufficient then

Power System will be called insufficient.

Insufficient Power Systems are the causes of

Energy Crisis.
 Energy Crisis

If due to insufficiency of any of the components of Power System, the required

Energy can not be transported from generation station to load center, it is called

“Energy Crisis”

Similar Problem Exist with our Power System in Pakistan.

 Energy Crisis

Major Reasons for Energy Crisis

 Shortage of Generation.
 Shortage of Transmission Lines.
 Shortage of Transformers and Grid Stations.
 Shortage of Distribution System.
 Why Energy Crisis?

1) Lack of Planning.
Energy Crisis

2) No timely development of:

Generating Station / Plants.
Transmission networks.
Distribution networks.
Grid Stations.
 Why Energy Crisis?
3) Irrational contracts with IPP’s.
4) Un-expectedly rapid growth of the load.

Reduction in the cost of domestic appliances, like Air

Energy Crisis

Conditioners, Deep Freezers, Refrigerators,

Microwave-Ovens, water-pumps, washing Machines,
Fans / air-coolers etc.
 Why Energy Crisis?
Energy Crisis

f. Up-coming multi-story buildings, plazas and

housing schemes.

g. Up-coming new industrial Set-up.

h. Higher demand rate, 8–10 %, which is more than

normal forecast rate.
 Why Energy Crisis?

5) Lack of Cooperation between the academic

Energy Crisis

institutions (Technical and Professional

Universities), other professional institutions
such as IEEEP, IEP, PEC etc, and WAPDA.

6) Change of the policy of the Govt. to shift

Generation Planning from WAPDA to other
authorities and institutions, such as AEDB,
PPIB, NEPRA, etc.
 Consequences of Energy Crisis

 Load Shedding caused by the over loading of:

Energy Crisis

a) Transmission lines
b) Distribution lines
c) Transformers and other associated
equipment .
 Consequences of Energy Crises

 Inconvenience to the domestic clients

Energy Crisis

 Effects on the Industrial Production

 Effects on Agriculture sector

 Overall Effect on the Economy of the country

 Need to overcome Energy Crisis?

 Energy is the lifeline of the industrialized-

Economies.
Energy Crisis

 Energy production is directly linked with

the development and results in a
proportionate change in GDP.

 Sustained and uninterrupted availability of

energy is essential for industrial,
agricultural and commercial development .
 Need to overcome Energy Crisis?

 Developed countries have always given

priority to the energy sector.
Energy Crisis

 Virtually most of developing countries are not

aware of upcoming energy scenario.

 Government need to concentrate on energy

sector to increase power generation.
 Smart Grid
• A smart grid is a modernized electrical grid
that uses analogue or digital
information and communications technology
to gather and act on information, such as
information about the behaviors of suppliers
and consumers, in an automated fashion to
improve the efficiency, reliability, economics,
and sustainability of the production and
distribution of electricity.
 Smart grid features
• Reliability of the electric grid
• Deployment and integration of distributed resources and generation,
including renewable resources.
• Flexibility in the network
• Security in the network
• Efficiency of the electric grid
– Load adjustment/Load balancing
– Peak leveling and time of use pricing
• Sustainability
• Dynamic optimization of grid operations and resources, with full cyber-
security
• Deployment and integration of advanced electricity storage and peak-
shaving technologies, including plug-in electric and hybrid electric
vehicles, and thermal storage air conditioning.
• Market enabling
– Development and incorporation of Demand response support, demand-side
resources, and energy-efficiency resources
• Deployment of 'smart' technologies (real-time, automated,
interactive technologies that optimize the physical operation of
appliances and consumer devices) for metering, communications
concerning grid operations and status, and distribution automation.
– Integrated communication
– Sensing and measurement
• Smart metering
• Phasor measurement units
•Integration of 'smart' appliances and consumer devices
•Provision consumers with timely information and control options.
•Development of standards for communication and interoperability of
appliances and equipment connected to the electric grid, including
the infrastructure serving the grid.
•Identification and lowering of unreasonable or unnecessary barriers
to the adoption of smart grid technologies, practices, and services.
What is a Microgrid?
According to the US Department of Energy:
An integrated energy system consisting of distributed energy resources (DER) and
multiple energy loads operating as a single controllable entity in parallel to or islanded
from the existing power grid.

According to State of California

Microgrids are comprised of localized load and generation resources which normally
operate connected to and synchronous with the traditional centralized grid but can
disconnect and function autonomously as an island within the macrogrid.

According to the Microgrid Institute:

A micro grid is a small energy system capable of balancing captive supply and demand
resources to maintain stable service within a defined boundary. Microgrids are
defined by their function, not their size. Micro grids combine various distributed
energy resources (DER) to form a whole system that’s greater than its parts.
What Is A Microgrid?

(A) Traditional Power Generation (B) Microgrid Power Generation

 Three Key Features Characterize
a Microgrid
1. A microgrid is local – It creates energy for itself or
nearby customers.

2. A microgrid is independent – It can disconnect from

the central grid & operate by itself.

3. A microgrid is intelligent – The “Central Brain” or

microgrid controller is where the intelligence originates.
Includes computers,
Emergency equipment, etc.

Includes task lighting,

fans, etc.

Includes appliances such

as refrigerators, washers,
etc.