NON-PARAMETRIC TEST

(1)SPEARMAN≈PEARSON
(2)MANN-WHITNEY ≈INDEPENDENT T-TEST
(3)KRUSKAL –WALLIS ≈ 1 WAY ANOVA
 PARAMETRIC VS NON-PARAMETRIC

PARAMETRIC NON-PARAMETRIC
Assumed distribution Normal Any
Assumed variance Homogeneous Any
Typical Data Ratio or Interval Ordinal / Nominal
Data set relationships Independent Any
Usual central measure Mean Median
Benefits Can draw more conclusions Simplicity;Less affected by outliers
Test    
Choosing Choosing a parametric test Choose non-parametric test
Correlation test Pearson Spearman
Independent measures, 2 groups Independent-measures T-TEST Mann-Whitney test
1-way, independent measures
Independent measures, > 2 groups ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis test

Repeated measures, 2 conditions matched-pair T-TEST Wilcoxon test

1-way, independent measures
Repeated measures, >2 conditions Friedman's test
ANOVA
(1)Correlation Test-Spearman

 Spearman Rank Order Correlation

coefficient, rs, is a non-parametric measure of
the strength and direction of association that
exists between 2 variables.
 measured on at least an ordinal scale.
 The test is used for either ordinal variables or
interval data that has failed the assumptions
necessary for conducting the Pearson's
product-moment correlation
Example

 A teacher is interested in those who do the

best at English also do better in Maths
(assessed by exam) students in English are
also the best performers in Maths. She
records the scores of her 10 students as they
performed in end-of-year examinations for
both English and Maths.
(1) Spearman *step by step*
Output

 Spearman's correlation coefficient, rs, is 0.669 and

that this is statistically significant (P = 0.035).
 There was a strong, positive correlation between
English and maths marks, which was statistically
significant (rs(8) = .669, P = .035).
(2) Mann-Whitney U ≈ t test (independent)

 used to compare differences between 2

independent groups when; dependent
variable is either
-(a) ordinal or;
-(b) interval but not normally distributed.
 It is the nonparametric alternative to the 
independent t-test.
 Does the weight of Female & male is
significantly different after the treatment?
Mann-Whitney U~ *step-by-step*

 Analyze>non parametric>2 independent

samples..
4
1
3

2 7
5 6
Output

Ranks

Gender N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

Final weight Male 9 12.00 108.00
Female 7 4.00 28.00
Total 16

 It shows mean rank and sum of ranks for the

2groups tested (male & female)
 Which group had more weight lost-male
(3) Kruskal-Wallis ≈ 1-way ANOVA

 equivalent to the one-way ANOVA and an

extension of the Mann-Whitney Test 
 allow the comparison of more than 2
independent groups.
 It is used when we wish to compare 3 or more
sets of scores that come from different
groups.
Assumptions

 Does not assume normality in the data

 is much less sensitive to outliers
 it can be used when these assumption have
been violated and the use of the 
one-way ANOVA is inappropriate.
 If your data is ordinal then you cannot use a 
one-way ANOVA but you can use this test.
Kruskal Wallis1-way anova *Step-by –step*

 Analyze>Non-parametric>K independent
sample
1

3 4
 Min= 1.
5 6 Max = 3 because it
€ indicates the 3
groups u that want
to compare.

7
10

8 9
Output With the Kruskal-Wallis test, a chi-square
statistic is used to evaluate differences in
mean ranks to assess the null hypothesis
that the medians are equal across the
Ranks groups.

Sales training group N Mean Rank

Score on training exam 1 20 19.00
2 20 31.65
3 20 40.85
Total 60

Test Statisticsa,b
we can report that there was a
Score on
statistically significant difference
Chi-Square
training exam between the sales training group
15.783
df 2 (X² = 15.783, P = 0.000) with a
Asymp. Sig. .000
mean rank of 19.00 for group 1 ,
a. Kruskal Wallis Test
b. Grouping Variable: Sales training group
31.65 for group 2 and 40.85 for
group 3. Group 3 had highest
score