Laplace Space Solution

Laplace Space Solutions for the
Diffusivity Equation
Professor Christine Ehlig-Economides
PETE 648
© Copyright, 2005, TAMU
Solving The Diffusivity Equation Using
Laplace Transforms
• Laplace transforms of the diffusivity

equation and initial and boundary
conditions
• Laplace space solutions of the diffusivity
equation
Read
• PTT, App. B
2 PETE 648
Solution Derivation
Using the Laplace Transform
There are a number of ways to solve the diffusivity
equation. The Laplace transform is one way that has
proven to be very useful for a variety of boundary
conditions. The one - dimensional Laplace transform
is given by :

f (u )  LF(t)  F (u)   e ut F (t )dt
0
There are tables of Laplace transforms that indicate

functions for f(u) for a variety of functions, F(t).
3 PETE 648
Laplace Transform of the
Diffusivity Equation
From a table of Laplace transforms :
Original Function F(t) : Image Function f (u ) :
AF (t )  BG (t ) Af (u )  Bg (u )
F (t ) uf (u )  F (0)
1
1
u
Transforming and applying the initial condition,
1  p  1 d dp  p 
L (rD D )  (rD D )  L D   upD  p D (0)
 rD rD rD  rD drD drD  t D 
giving
1 d dp D d 2 pD 1 dp D 2
2 d pD dpD 2
(rD ) 2
 , or rD 2
 rD  rD up D  0
rD drD drD drD rD drD drD drD
This is an ordinary differential equation.
4 PETE 648
General Solution of the Diffusivity
Equation
The ordinary differential equation is called the

modified Bessel Equation.
2 d 2 pD dpD 2
rD 2
 rD  rD up D  0
drD drD
The general solution is
pD (rD , u )  AK 0 (rD u )  BI 0 (rD u ),
where K 0 and I 0 are modified Bessel functions.
What remains is to apply inner and outer boundary
conditions to determine the constants A and B.
5 PETE 648
Solution of the Diffusivity Equation for
Infinite Outer Boundary
For the transformed infinite outer boundary condition

lim pD (rD , u )  0  lim [ AK 0 (rD u )  BI 0 (rD u )]
rD  rD 
However, lim I 0 (rD u )  

rD 
Therefore, for the infinite outer boundary, B  0
6 PETE 648
Line Source Solution of the Diffusivity
Equation
For the line source with infinite outer boundary, pD  AK 0 (rD u )
dp D 1
Applying the transformed inner boundary condition, lim rD  ,
rD 0 drD u
1
and noting that K 0 (u )   K1 (u ) and that lim K1 (rD u )  ,
rD 0 rD u
the line source inner boundary condition gives
d ( AK 0 (rD u )) 1
lim rD   lim ArD u K1 (rD u )   A   ,
rD 0 drD rD 0 u
K 0 (rD u )
and the solution is pD (rD , u ) 
u
7 PETE 648
Analytically Inverted Laplace Space Solution
for the Line Source
K 0 (rD u )
For the line source, pD (rD , u ) 
u
From the table of Laplace transforms
Original Function F(t) : Image Function f (u ) :
t 1
 F ( )d
0 u
f (u )
1  k2 
exp   K 0 ( k u ) ( k  0)
2t  4t 
2
1 rD
From this we can easily show that pD   Ei( )
2 4t D
as we derived before using the Boltzman transform.
8 PETE 648
Cylindrical Solution of the Diffusivity
Equation for Infinite Outer Boundary
Applying the cylindrical source inner boundary condition
 dAK 0 (rD u )  1
 rD    A u K1 ( u )  
 drD  u
  rD 1
implies A  1 / u u K1 ( u ),
K 0 (rD u )
and the solution is pD (rD , u ) 
u u K1 ( u )
9 PETE 648
Solution of the Diffusivity Equation
To get the solution of the diffusivity equation,

we must find the inverse Laplace transform
of the solution to the Laplace transformed
equation.
In practice, this is done numerically using the
Stehfest* algorithm or an equivalent.
However, inverse transforms for limiting
forms of the Laplace solution are often more
easily determined analytically.
*H. Stehfest, Numerical inversion of Laplace transforms algorithm 368, Commun. ACM 13 (1) (1979) 47–49.
10 PETE 648
Cylindrical Source Solution in Oilfield Units
Wellbore solution for r  rw and for t D  25,

qBμ  kt 
pi  pwf t   70.6 
ln  in oilfield units
2 
kh  1688μct rw 
For t D  25, use the inverted Laplace solution.
11 PETE 648
Cylindrical Source Solution
12 PETE 648
Skin
Skin, s, refers to modified flow near the

wellbore due to damage or stimulation.
The dimensionless wellbore pressure solution is
pwD (t D )  pD (t D ,1)  s, where s is the skin.
13 PETE 648
Van Everdingen Hurst Skin Effect
p(r,t)
pwf for s < 0 stimulation
pwf for s = 0 zero skin

pwf for s > 0 damage
rw r
70.6qB   kt  
pwf (t )  pi  ln   2 s  (for t D  25)
2 
kh   1688ct rw  
Assumes theoretical infinitesimal skin radius

14 PETE 648
Example – Determine p at r, t
Determine the pressure in psi at an observation
(non-flowing) well located 250 ft from a well
that has produced 350 STB/d for 2 months from
a formation with thickness 75 ft, porosity 22%,
permeability 150 md, formation volume factor
1.15, oil viscosity 2 cp, and formation
compressibility 10-5 psi-1. The initial reservoir
pressure is 5000 psi.
Also, for s = 5, determine the flowing pressure
in the well if the wellbore radius is 0.354 ft.
15 PETE 648
Example Conclusion
pi 5000 psi
k 150 md
h 75 ft
f 0.22
m 2 cp
ct 0.00001 psi-1
rw 0.354 ft
s 5
q 350 STB/d
B 1.15 rb/STB
t 1440 hr
pwf 4852 psi
pwf (s=0) 4903 psi
Dps kin 51 psi
70.6qB   kt  
pwf (t )  pi  ln 
2   2 s  in oilfield units.
kh   1688ct rw  
16 PETE 648
Solutions with Different
Boundary Conditions
Well centered in circular
constant pressure boundary
pD (reD , t D )  0 re
Well centered in circular
Closed (sealed) boundary
 pD (rD , t D )  re
 rD  0
 rD  rD  reD
Well near another producing

well
Well near a sealing fault

or permeability barrier
17 PETE 648
Well Centered in Circular
Constant Pressure Boundary
The constant pressure outer boundary condition is given by

p D (reD , t D )  0, which means the reservoir pressure at a radius,
re , is constant and equal to the initial reservoir pressure.
Transformed into Laplace space this is

p D (reD , t D )  0
18 PETE 648
Well Centered in Circular
Constant Pressure Boundary
As before it is necessary to determine the coefficients A and B
in the solution pD (rD , u )  AK 0 (rD u )  BI 0 (rD u )
by applying the boundary conditions.
Applying the outer boundary condition :
pD (reD , u )  AK 0 (reD u )  BI 0 (reD u )  0
Applying the finite wellbore inner boundary condition
and noting that I 0 (u )  I1 (u ) gives
1 d [ AK 0 (reD u )  BI 0 (reD u )] 1
  A u K1 ( u )  B u I1 ( u )   .
rD drD r 1
u
D
Solving the 2 linear equations for A and B gives

K 0 (rD u ) I 0 (reD u )  K 0 (reD u ) I 0 (rD u )
pD (rD , u ) 
u u [ K 0 (reD u ) I1 ( u )  K1 ( u ) I 0 (reD u )]
19 PETE 648
Advanced Exercise
Show that the Laplace place solution for the closed
boundary condition is given by
K1 (reD u ) I 0 (rD u )  K 0 (rD u ) I1 (reD u )
pD (rD , u ) 
u u [ K1 ( u ) I1 (reD u )  K1 (reD u ) I1 ( u )]
Hint : Define the outer boundary condition; transform into

Laplace space; apply boundary condition in the general solution;
solve for A and B, substitute A and B into general solution.
20 PETE 648
Limiting Forms for Bounded Solutions
For the constant pressure boundary, the behavior of the
solution is identical to that of the infinite outer boundary
until late time, when the effect of the constant pressure
boundary is sensed. We define a new dimensionless time :
2
 t kt rw
t DA   tD , where A is the well drainage area.
ct A A
For t DA  0.1, the solution is given by
 reD 
pD (rD )  ln 
 rD 
This is the pressure profile during steady state flow for the well
centered in a circular drainage area with constant pressure
boundary.
21 PETE 648
Limiting Forms for Bounded Solutions
For the closed outer boundary, the behavior of the
solution is identical to that of the infinite outer boundary
until late time, when the effect of the reservoir limit
is sensed.
For t DA  0.1, the solution at the well is given by
p D (rw , t D )  p wD (t D )  2t DA  ln0.4724reD 
This is the pressure drawdown response during
pseudosteady state flow with constant production rate.
22 PETE 648
Application of Line Source Solution
The line source solution applies for
2 2
(3.975 105 )ct rw 948ct re
t 
k k
2
(3.975 105 )ct rw
For t  ,
k
the cylindrical source solution must be used,
2
948ct re
For t  ,
k
the pressure change approaches the drainage radius, re ,
and a bounded solution must be used.
23 PETE 648

Laplace Space Solution

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Laplace Space Solution

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Laplace Space Solutions for the

• Laplace transforms of the diffusivity

There are tables of Laplace transforms that indicate

This is an ordinary differential equation.

The ordinary differential equation is called the

For the transformed infinite outer boundary condition

However, lim I 0 (rD u )  

Therefore, for the infinite outer boundary, B  0

To get the solution of the diffusivity equation,

Wellbore solution for r  rw and for t D  25,

Skin, s, refers to modified flow near the

pwf for s < 0 stimulation

pwf for s = 0 zero skin

Assumes theoretical infinitesimal skin radius

Well near another producing

Well near a sealing fault

The constant pressure outer boundary condition is given by

Transformed into Laplace space this is

Solving the 2 linear equations for A and B gives

Hint : Define the outer boundary condition; transform into

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