Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PART A
Basic Chemistry
ESSENTIALS
OF HUMAN
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
EIGHTH EDITION
ELAINE N. MARIEB
Figure 2.1
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Identifying Elements
Atomic number
Equal to the number of protons that the
atoms contain
Atomic mass number
Sum of the protons and neutrons
Figure 2.3
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Isotopes and Atomic Weight
Atomic weight
Close to mass number of most abundant
isotope
Atomic weight reflects natural isotope
variation
Figure 2.4b
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Chemical Bonds
Ionic Bonds
Form when electrons are completely
transferred from one atom to another
Ions
Charged particles
Anions are negative
Cations are positive
Either donate or accept electrons
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chemical Bonds
Covalent Bonds
Atoms become stable through shared electrons
Single covalent bonds share one electron
Double covalent bonds share two electrons
Figure 2.6c
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Examples of Covalent Bonds
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Figure 2.6a–b
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Polarity
Covalent bonded
molecules
Some are
non-polar
Electrically neutral
as a molecule
Some are
polar
Have a positive
and negative side
Figure 2.7
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chemical Bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Weak chemical bonds
Hydrogen is attracted to negative portion
of polar molecule
Provides attraction between molecules
Figure 2.9a–b
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Patterns of Chemical Reactions
Exchange reaction (ABAC+B)
Involves both synthesis and
decomposition reactions
Switch is made between molecule parts
and different molecules are made
Figure 2.9c
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Biochemistry: Essentials for Life
Organic compounds
Contain carbon
Most are covalently bonded
Example: C6H12O6 (glucose)
Inorganic compounds
Lack carbon
Tend to be simpler compounds
Example: H2O (water)
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Important Inorganic Compounds
Water
Most abundant inorganic compounds
Vital properties
High heat capacity
Polarity/solvent properties
Chemical reactivity
Cushioning
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Figure 2.12a–b
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Carbohydrates
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Figure 2.12c
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Important Organic Compounds
Lipids
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen
Insoluble in water
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Lipids
Common lipids in the human body
Neutral fats (triglycerides)
Found in fat deposits
Composed of fatty acids and glycerol
Source of stored energy
Figure 2.14a–b
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Cholesterol
The basis for all steroids made in the body
Figure 2.14c
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Important Organic Compounds
Proteins
Made of amino acids
Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen,
and sometimes sulfur
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Enzymes
Act as biological catalysts
Increase the rate of chemical reactions
Figure 2.17
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Important Organic Compounds
Nucleic Acids
Provide blueprint of life
Nucleotide bases
A = Adenine
G = Guanine
C = Cytosine
T = Thymine
U = Uracil
Make DNA and RNA
Figure 2.18c
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Important Organic Compounds
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Chemical energy used by all cells
Energy is released by breaking high
energy phosphate bond
ATP is replenished by oxidation of food
fuels
Figure 2.19a
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How ATP Drives Cellular Work
Figure 2.20
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