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Ealsweek12 Done
Ealsweek12 Done
ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS
There are four classes of essential
nutrients: essential fatty acids,
essential amino acids, minerals,
and vitamins.
Carbohydrates
Fats
iodine (I)
vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
cobalt (Co)
vitamin A (retinol)
selenium (Se)
vitamin D
chromium (Cr)
vitamin E (tocopherol)
molybdenum (Mo)
vitamin K (phylloquinone).
DIETARY DEFICIENCIES
Diets that fail to meet the basic dietary requirements can lead to
malnourishment or undernourishment.
Malnourishment has the following possible effects: deformities,
disease, and even death.
Esophagus. After you swallow, peristalsis pushes the food down your esophagus
into your stomach.
Stomach. Glands in your stomach lining make stomach acid and enzymes (HCl-
hydrochloric acid) that break down food. Muscles of your stomach mix the food
with these digestive juices.
Pancreas. Your pancreas makes a digestive juice that has enzymes that break down
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The pancreas delivers the digestive juice to the
small intestine through small tubes called ducts.
Liver. Your liver makes a digestive juice called bile that helps digest fats and some
vitamins. Bile ducts carry bile from your liver to your gallbladder for storage, or to
the small intestine for use.
Gallbladder. Your gallbladder stores bile between meals. When you eat, your
gallbladder squeezes bile through the bile ducts into your small intestine.
Small intestine. Your small intestine makes digestive juice, which mixes with bile
and pancreatic juice to complete the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
Bacteria in your small intestine make some of the enzymes you need to digest
carbohydrates. Your small intestine moves water from your bloodstream to help break
down food. Your small intestine also absorbs water with other nutrients.
Large intestine and anus. The lining of the large intestine absorbs water, mineral
salts and vitamins. Undigested fibre is mixed with mucus and bacteria — which
partly break down the fibre — to nourish the cells of the large intestine wall and so
help keep the large intestine healthy. Feces are formed and stored in the last part of
the large intestine (the rectum) before being passed out of the body through the anus.
ENERGY SOURCES AND STORES
Animals make use of certain sources of fuel before others
when they derive energy from their diets. Nearly of the ATP
(adenosinetriphosphate) in animal metabolism is based on the
oxidation of energy-rich organic molecules, such as
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, in cellular respiration.
Fats are rich in energy. Oxidizing a gram of fat releases about
twice the energy that is released from oxidizing a gram of protein
or carbohydrates.
Adipose (fat) cells represent a second site for the storage of
energy in the body. If glycogen storage sites are full, and there is
still excess energy ingested, the excess is usually stored as fat.
When more energy is required than is acquired from the animal’s
diet, then the body expends liver glycogen first and then draws
on muscle glycogen and then fat.
WHAT ARE COMMON CONDITIONS RELATED TO THE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM?
Common digestive problems include:
Indigestion
Diarrhea
Constipation
Acid reflux
Food poisoning
Other problems are connected to serious conditions that affect portions of the digestive
system, including:
Hepatitis
Diabetes