‫په ټ ولنيزو علومو کي د‬

‫څېړ ني ميتودولوجي‬
‫د ل ړو و زده ړک و وزارت‬
‫بُست پوهنتون‬
‫کړ نالره‬
Thursday, June 22, 2023

Assist Prof. Rahmatullah Pashtoon

Business Productivity Improvement Manager; USAID-DAI;  A.V.C. - Livestock
Kabul, Afghanistan
Ph.D. candidate (Economics), IIUM, Malaysia; M.B.A. (Finance), SPPU, India,  B.A. (Economics & Statistics);
Pune University, India; D.IR; D.UNO; DBA; D.HRM; D. Functional Arabic Language
 
Faculty of Economics, Kandahar University, Kandahar, Afghanistan
Visiting Faculty Member, BBA Dept., Mirwais Neeka Institute of Higher Education, Kandahar
Advisor to the Chancellor, Saba Institute of Higher Education, Kandahar
Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=4WsJA38AAAAJ&hl=en
Founder - Pashtoon Academy – Data Analysis, Business Solutions and Research
Broadcasting online free academic subjects tutorials
Mobile:                  +93 - 700163713
Personal  Email:   rpashtoon@hotmail.com
skype:                    rahmatp
ORCID:                   https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3849-9575 
Follow me on       Facebook     YouTube    Twitter    WhatsApp     Instagram         

S.M.E.s Productivity Improvement

Expert;  Data Analyst; SPSS expert;  
Economic Analyst; Higher Education
Institutions Q.A. & Accreditation
Advisor

1
 2 Thursday, June 22, 2023

Research?
 A careful investigation for new facts in any
branch of knowledge

 Redman and Mory: Research is a systematic

effort to gain new knowledge
 ‫څیړنه د معلوماتو او یا یو معلومی موضوع په اړه یو علمی او‬
‫سیستماتیکه پلټنه ده‬.
 3 Thursday, June 22, 2023

Research?
 Clifford Woody: Research-
 defining and redefining problems, formulating
hypothesis/objectives;
 collecting, organizing and evaluating data;
 making deductions and reaching conclusions;
 testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit
the formulating hypothesis/objectives
 4 Thursday, June 22, 2023

Why do research?
 Desire to get a research degree along with its
consequential benefits
 Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved
problems
 Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work
 Desire to be of service to society
 Desire to get respectability
 Directives of government, employment conditions etc.
 5 Thursday, June 22, 2023

Why do research?...

 Validate intuition

 Improve methods

 Demands of the Job

 For publication/patent
 6 Thursday, June 22, 2023

Choose a subject

 Based on an idea

 Based on your experience

 Based on your reading

 Originality
 7/42

The important features of a research

design
 A plan
Specify the sources & types of information relevant
to the research problem
 A strategy
Which approach will be used for gathering and
analyzing the data
 The time and budgets
Most studies are done under these two constraints
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

Systematic- All steps must be inter

related- one to another
Logical- Agreeing with the principles of
logic
Empirical-Conclusions should be based
on evidences/observations
CHARACTERISTICS OF 9 Thursday, June 22, 2023

RESEARCH…
 Objectivity- It must answer the research
questions
 Replicable- reproducible
 Transmittable
 Quality control- Accurate measurements
 All well designed and conducted research has
potential application
 10 Thursday, June 22, 2023

Define Your objectives

 Try to keep these simple
 The more variables the more difficult
 Use the opportunity
 Get help at this stage
 Senior colleagues
 Experienced researchers
 11 Thursday, June 22, 2023

Literature search
 Check to see if your idea is original
 Get articles
 Read articles and their references
 Most of these will be vital when writing up reports
 Find gap areas
 Find obsolete measurements and results
 Define objectives of the study
 12 Thursday, June 22, 2023

Steps involved in a research

 Choose a subject
 Literature survey
 Defining and formulation of specific objectives
 Prepare Synopsis
 Procuring of suitable apparatus/materials
 Design of experimental set up
 Preliminary experiments
 Execution of the project
 Accurate measurements/data collection
 13 Thursday, June 22, 2023

Steps involved in a research…

 Data analysis and error compounding
 Hypothesis testing and verification
 Results and discussion
 Generalization, interpretation and drawing
conclusions
 Preparation of the project report or writing thesis
Research Design: An
Overview
 6-15

Learning Objectives
Understand . . .
 The basic stages of research design.
 The major descriptors of research design.
 The major types of research designs.
 The relationships that exist between variables in research
design and the steps for evaluating those relationships.
 6-16

What Is Research Design?

Blueprint

Plan

Guide

Framework
 6-17

What Tools Are Used in

Designing Research?
 6-18

What Tools Are Used in

Designing Research?

MindWriter
Project Plan
in Gantt chart
format
 6-19

Design in the Research

Process
 6-20

Descriptors of Research Design

Question
Perceptual Crystallization Data Collection
Awareness Method

Purpose of Experimental
Study Descriptors Effects

Research
Time Dimension
Environment
Topical Scope
 6-21

Degree of Question
Crystallization
Exploratory Study Formal Study
 Loose structure  Preciseprocedures
 Expand understanding  Begins with hypotheses
 Provide insight  Answers research
 Develop hypotheses questions
 6-22

Desired Outcomes
of Exploratory Studies
Established range and scope of possible
management decisions

Established major dimensions of research

task

Defined a set of subsidiary questions that can

guide research design
 6-23

Desired Outcomes of
Exploratory Studies (cont.)
Developed hypotheses about possible causes of
management dilemma

Learned which hypotheses can be safely

ignored

Concluded additional research is not needed or

not feasible
 6-24

Commonly Used Exploratory Techniques

Secondary Data
Analysis Experience
Surveys

Focus Groups
 6-25

Experience Surveys

 What is being done?

 What has been tried in the past with or without success?
 How have things changed?
 Who is involved in the decisions?
 What problem areas can be seen?
 Whom can we count on to assist or participate in the research?
 6-26

Focus Groups
 Group discussion
 6-10 participants
 Moderator-led
 90 minutes-2 hours
 6-27

Descriptors of Research Design

Question
Perceptual Crystallization Data Collection
Awareness Method

Purpose of Experimental
Study Descriptors Effects

Research
Time Dimension
Environment
Topical Scope
 6-28

Data Collection Method

Monitoring Communication
 6-29

Descriptors of Research Design

Question
Perceptual Crystallization Data Collection
Awareness Method

Purpose of Experimental
Study Descriptors Effects

Research
Time Dimension
Environment
Topical Scope
 6-30

The Time Dimension

Cross-sectional

Longitudinal
 6-31

Descriptors of Research Design

Question
Perceptual Crystallization Data Collection
Awareness Method

Purpose of Experimental
Study Descriptors Effects

Research
Time Dimension
Environment
Topical Scope
 6-32

The Topical Scope

Statistical Study Case Study
 Breadth  Depth
 Population inferences  Detail
 Quantitative  Qualitative
 Generalizable findings  Multiple sources of
information
 6-33

The Research Environment

Field conditions

Lab conditions

Simulations
 6-34

Descriptors of Research Design

Question
Perceptual Crystallization Data Collection
Awareness Method

Purpose of Experimental
Study Descriptors Effects

Research
Time Dimension
Environment
Topical Scope
 6-35

Purpose of the Study

Reporting Descriptive

Casual - Causal -
Explanatory Predictive
 6-36

Descriptive Studies

Who?

How much? What?

When? Where?
 6-37

Descriptive Studies
Descriptions of population
characteristics

Estimates of frequency of
characteristics

Discovery of associations
among variables
 6-38

Descriptors of Research Design

Question
Perceptual Crystallization Data Collection
Awareness Method

Purpose of Experimental
Study Descriptors Effects

Research
Time Dimension
Environment
Topical Scope
 6-39

Experimental Effects
Ex Post Facto Study
 After-the-fact report on
what happened to the
measured variable
Experiment
 Study involving the
manipulation or control
of one or more
variables to determine
the effect on another
variable
 6-40

Causation and Experimental

Design

Control/ Random
Matching Assignment
 6-41

Causal Studies

Symmetrical

Reciprocal

Asymmetrical
 6-42

Understanding Casual
Relationships
Property

Behavior Response

Disposition Stimulus
 6-43

Asymmetrical Casual
Relationships

Stimulus-Response

Property- Property-
Behavior Disposition

Disposition-Behavior
 6-44

Evidence of Causality
Covariation between
A and B

Time order of events

No other possible
causes of B
 6-45

Descriptors of Research Design

Category Options
The degree to which the research question has been • Exploratory study
crystallized • Formal study
The method of data collection • Monitoring
• Communication Study
The power of the researcher to produce effects in the • Experimental
variables under study • Ex post facto
The purpose of the study • Reporting
• Descriptive
• Causal-Explanatory
• Causal-Predictive
The time dimension • Cross-sectional
• Longitudinal
The topical scope—breadth and depth—of the study • Case
• Statistical study
The research environment • Field setting
• Laboratory research
• Simulation
The participants’ perceptional awareness of the research • Actual routine
activity • Modified routine
 6-46

Key Terms
 Asymmetrical relationship  Descriptive study
 Case study  Ethnographic research
 Causal study  Ex post facto design
 Causation  Experience
 Children’s panels  Experiment
 Communication study  Exploratory study
 Control  Field conditions
 Control group  Focus group
 Correlation  Formal study
 Cross-sectional study  Individual depth interview
 Intranet
 6-47

Key Terms (cont.)

 Laboratory conditions  Reciprocal relationship
 Longitudinal study  Research design
 Matching  Secondary data
 Monitoring  Simulation
 Primary data  Statistical study
 Qualitative techniques  Symmetrical relationship
 Random assignment
 48 Thursday, June 22, 2023

Research article writing

 Find suitable/specified journals  Introduction
 Get copy of Instructions to  Materials and methods
authors  Results and discussion
 Prepare article as per  Conclusions
instructions  Acknowledgements
 Select suitable titles  References
 Authors and affiliations
 Abstract
 Highlights
 Novelty statements
 49 Thursday, June 22, 2023

Authorship/ethics
 Allauthors should directly involved in entire
study
 Article is free from plagiarism
 Should follow ethics
A Research Report
A Research Report generally include:

 Introduction and Statement of problem

 Review of relevant literature
 Statement of hypothesis or research objectives
 Theoretical resume
 Description of research design
 Description Experimental design
 Description of measurement and data analysis
 Error compounding
 Presentation of Results
 Discussion
 Conclusion, limitations, and implications
 Suggestions for future work
 Acknowledgements
 References cited
 Appendices
 51 Thursday, June 22, 2023

“Science is not belief,

but the will to find out.”

Thank you