21RM 613-RM and AuthorshipLab Navin-Jun2022

22-06-2022
Research Methodology (21RM613)
Navin Kumar, PhD C.Eng
12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013

Fellow Institution of India, SMIEEE, Life
Member IETE, IAEng (HK)
Amrita School of Engineering, Bangalore,
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham )
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Course Contents: 21RM613 (2 0 0 2)
Meaning of Research - Types of Research - Research Process - Problem Definition - Objectives of Research - Research Questions -
Research design - Approaches to Research - Quantitative vs Qualitative Approach - Understanding Theory - Building and Validating
Theoretical Models - Exploratory vs. Confirmatory Research - Experimental vs Theoretical Research - Importance of Reasoning in
Research.
Problem Formulation - Understanding Modeling & Simulation - Conducting Literature Review - Referencing - Information Sources -
Information Retrieval - Role of libraries in Information Retrieval - Tools for identifying Literatures - Indexing and Abstracting Services -
Citation Indexes.
Experimental Research - Cause Effect Relationship - Development of Hypothesis; Measurement – Systems Analysis - Error
Propagation - Validity of Experiments – Statistical; Design of Experiments - Field Experiments - Data/Variable Types & Classification -
Data Collection - Numerical and Graphical Data Analysis - Sampling - Observation - Surveys - Inferential Statistics - Interpretation of
Results.
Preparation of Dissertation and Research Papers - Tables and Illustrations - Guidelines for Writing Manuscript - Abstract -
Introduction - Methodology - Results and Discussion Conclusion - References - Citation - Listing System of Document. Intellectual
Property Rights (IPR) - Patents - Copyrights - Trademarks - Industrial Design - Geographical Indication - Ethics of Research - Scientific
Misconduct - Forms of Scientific Misconduct - Plagiarism - Unscientific Practices in Thesis Work - Ethics in Science.
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Research Methodology:
Introduction
What is Research?
Why Research
Who do Research
How to do Research?
How to Write and publish?

Where to Publish?
What is Research?
 Discover new knowledge, or make something new
 Seek answer to a question or to answer scientific questions
 Solve problems 12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013
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What is Research? …
Making a rigorous and relevant contribution to
knowledge.
Understanding of a cause and effect relationship of a given
phenomenon or uncovering a new phenomenon
Organized inquiry to provide information for the solution
to a problem (Emery & Cooper ’91)
A careful and systematic investigation in some field of
knowledge, undertaken to establish facts or principles
(Kumar ‘96)

Scientific or scholarly inquiry or investigation and the
proper communication of the findings (McCuen ‘96)
What is Research? …
It uses blend of assorted resources, such as classical or
modern theories, state-of-art technology, statistical
technology, and engineering techniques to uncover
previously unknown facts and principles.
Process of searching for (in general) answers in any field
of study, or the solution of just one particular problem.
Systematic, controlled, empirical, rigorous, and precise
methods are used to obtain solution or to discover and
interpret new information.
Key is NEW
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Some more Explanation
Research is an activity that leads us to finding new facts,

information, assisting us in verifying the available knowledge and in
making us question things that are difficult to understand as per
existing data.
Research is a process to discover new knowledge to find answers to
a question.
The word research has two parts re (again) and search (find) which
denote that we are taking up an activity to look into an aspect once
again or we want to look for some new information about
something.

Definition and more explanation …
According to (Thyer, 2001), "the word research is composed of two syllables, re
and search. re is a prefix meaning again, anew or over again search is a verb
meaning to examine closely and carefully, to test and try, or to probe.
Together they form a noun describing a careful, systematic, patient study and
investigation in some field of knowledge, undertaken to establish facts or
principles." [1].
According to (Rocco, 2011), "Research is a careful investigation or inquiry

especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge." Research
is a movement, a movement from the known to the unknown (Redman and
Mory, 2010). Research is manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the
purpose of generalizing to extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether that
knowledge aids in construction of theory or in the practice of an art (Kothari,
C.R.) .According to (Creswell, 2008), "Research is systematic investigation to
establish the facts." In the broadest sense of the word, the definition of
research includes any gathering of data, information and facts for the
advancement
[1] Kumar of knowledge.
Ranjit: Research Methodology: A Step by Step Guide for Beginners, Sage Publication, 2014.
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Some More Explanation …
It may be understood in following terms also:

Research is a continuous activity in majority of disciplines and
professions.
It is helpful in critical assessment of the way we work, execute
policies, and give instructions in our professions.
It is systematic observation of processes to find better ways to
do things and to reduce the effort being put in to achieve an
objective and identifying the validity of the targets.
In fact research is a subconscious activity that we are involved

in at all times whether it is purchase of daily use articles , a car,
an electronic good or planning a holiday.
Other qualities/characteristics of Research

a) It is a prearranged / structured enquiry (a formal step by step method or
sequence to take up research activity is developed to ensure correctness of data
and validity of processes). Scientific methods consist of systematic observation,
classification and interpretation of data. The degree of formality, rigorousness,
verifiability and general validity of scientific methods establish the results obtained.
b) It utilizes acceptable scientific methodology to solve problems (the method used

should be able to give repetitive results under similar conditions)
c) It should create new knowledge that is generally applicable. (The outcomes

should be such that they are not specific to particular issue or a situation but need
to be generalized for application to comparable issues).
d) It is creative process to develop better understanding of mankind, social and

cultural and economical issues.
e) It should be useful to others who wish to apply the findings in developing new
policies or applications of findings of a research in the benefit of public.
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Other qualities/characteristics of Research …
Characteristics of research determine whether a research is free of biases,

prejudices, and subjective errors or not.
Success depends on them. They are:

– 1. Generalized: whether a small sample of study can be generalized?
– 2. Controlled: Minimizes the effect or dependency of other factors
– 3. Rigorous: the procedures followed to find answers to questions are
relevant, appropriate and justified.
– 4. Empirical: The processes adopted should be tested for the accuracy and
each step should be coherent in progression. This means that any
conclusions drawn are based upon firm data gathered from information
collected from real life experiences or observations. Empirical nature of

research means that the research has been conducted following rigorous
scientific methods and procedures.
Other qualities/characteristics of Research…

5. Systematic: The procedure or process being developed to undertake a study should be carefully drafted to
ensure that resources utilization is optimized. The steps should follow a logical sequence to get to the desired
outcome.
6. Reliability: This is a the degree to which the result of a measurement, calculation, or specification can be
depended on to be accurate
7. Validity: Validity & Verifiability: It is the extent to which a concept, conclusion or measurement is well-founded
and likely corresponds accurately to the real world. Validity is based on the strength of a collection of different
types of evidence. I
8. Employs hypothesis: Any research definitely begins with formulation of a hypothesis. A hypothesis can be
defined as an educated guess about the relationship between two or more variables.
9. Analytical & Accuracy: Accuracy is also the degree to which each research process, instrument, and tool is
related to each other. Accuracy also measures whether research tools have been selected in best possible manner
and research procedures suits the research problem or not.
10. Credibility: The extent to which an analysis of finding can be treated to be trustworthy is termed as
credibility.
11. Critical: Critical scrutiny of the procedures used and the methods employed is crucial to a research enquiry.
The process of investigation must be foolproof and free from drawbacks. The process adopted and the procedures
used must be able to withstand critical scrutiny.
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How to ensure a good quality Research?

1. Purpose should be clearly defined.
2. Common concepts should be used that can be understood by all.
3. Research procedures should be explained in detail.
4. Research design should be carefully planned.
5. Researcher should declare all the possible errors and their possible impact on findings.
6. Analysis of data should be sufficiently adequate to reveal significance.
7. The methods of analysis should be appropriate.
8. The validity and reliability of the data should be checked carefully.
9. The researcher should have good command over research methodologies and should be

intelligent and experienced.
10. Ethics in research refers to a code of conduct of behavior while conducting research. Ethical
conduct applies to the organization and the members that sponsor the research, the researchers who
undertake the research, and the respondents who provide them with the necessary data.
Why do Research?
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Why do Research?...
Lends credibility to your thesis or dissertation defense.
Helps to land a better job.
Stake out IP claims prior to patenting.
An opportunity to influence the research of others.
Required for promotions in some professions, e. g. academia
Bring ATTENTION to MYSELF.
To facilitate my FUNDING.

Bragging rights ! ☺
Why do Research?...
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TYPES OF RESEARCH
Research can be classified into various categories

depending on the perspective under which the
research activity is initiated and conducted. The
categorization depends on the following perspectives in
general:
–Application of research study
–Objectives in undertaking the research
–Inquiry mode employed for research

Classification based on Application:
a. Pure / Basic / Fundamental Research:
As the term suggests a research activity taken up to look into some

aspects of a problem or an issue for the first time is termed as basic or
pure.
It involves developing and testing theories and hypotheses that are

intellectually challenging to the researcher but may or may not have
practical application at the present time or in the future.
The knowledge produced through pure research is sought in order to

add to the existing body of research methods.
Pure research is theoretical but has a universal nature. It is more

focused on creating scientific knowledge and predictions for further

studies.
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Classification based on Application …
b. Applied / Decisional Research:

Applied research is done on the basis of pure or fundamental
research to solve specific, practical questions; for policy
formulation, administration and understanding of a
phenomenon.
It can be exploratory, but is usually descriptive.
The purpose of doing such research is to find solutions to an
immediate issue, solving a particular problem, developing new
technology and look into future advancements etc.

This involves forecasting and assumes that the variables shall not
change.
Main Differences between Basic and Applied

Research
Basic Research Applied Research
Research that tries to expand the already Applied research is used to mean the
existing scientific knowledge base scientific study that is helpful in solving real-
life problems.
Mostly and purely theoretical Practical approach
The applicability of basic research is greater Applied only to the specific problem for
which it is carried out
The primary concern of the basic research is It stresses on the development of technology
to develop scientific knowledge and and technique with the help of basic science.
predictions.
The fundamental goal of the basic research is Applied research is directed towards finding a
to add some knowledge to the already solution to the problem under consideration.
existing one.
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Classification based on Objectives
A) Descriptive Research: This attempts to explain a situation, problem, phenomenon, service or

programme, or provides information viz. living condition of a community, or describes attitudes
towards an issue but this is done systematically.
– It is used to answer questions of who, what, when, where, and how associated with a particular research question or problem.
– This type of research makes an attempt to collect any information that can be expressed in quantifiable terms that can be used to
statistically analyze a target audience or a particular subject.
– Descriptive research is used to observe and describe a research subject or problem without influencing or manipulating the
variables in any way. Thus, such studies are usually correlation or observational.
– This type of research is conclusive in nature, rather than inquisitive. E.g. explaining details of budget allocation changes to
departmental heads in a meeting to assure clarity and understanding for reasons to bring in a change.
B) Co relational Research: This is a type of non-experimental research method, in which a

researcher measures two variables, understands and assesses the statistical relationship between
them with no influence from any extraneous variable.
– This is undertaken to discover or establish the existence of a relationship/ interdependence between two or more aspects of a
situation. For example, the mind can memorize the bell of an ice cream seller or sugar candy vendor. Louder the bell sound, closer
is the vendor to us.

– We draw this inference based on our memory and the taste of these delicious food items. This is specifically what co relational
research is, establishing a relationship between two variables, ―bell sound‖ and ―distance of the vendor‖ in this particular
example.
– Co relational research is looking for variables that seem to interact with each other so that when you see one variable changing,
you have a fair idea how the other variable will change.
Classification based on Objectives …

C) Explanatory: is the research whose primary purpose is to explain why events occur, to build, elaborate, extend
or test a theory.
It is more concerned with showcasing, explaining and presenting what we already have. It is the process of
turning over 100 rocks to find perhaps 1 or 2 precious gemstones.
Explanatory survey research may look into the factors that contribute to customer satisfaction and determine
the relative weight of each factor, or seek to model the variables that lead to people shifting to departmental
stores from small shops from where they have been making purchases till now.
D) Exploratory Research: Looking out for new things, new destinations, new food, and new cultures has been the
basis of most tourist and travel journeys.
In the subjective terms exploratory research is conducted to find a solution for a problem that has not been
studied more clearly, intended to establish priorities, develop operational definitions and improve the final
research design.
Exploratory research helps determine the best research design, data-collection method and selection of
subjects. For such a research, a researcher starts with a general idea and uses this research as a medium to
identify issues that can be the hub for future research.
An important aspect here is that the researcher should be willing to change his/her direction subject to the
revelation of new data or insight.
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Research Design
The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the
different components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring
you will effectively address the research problem.
It constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data.
Note that the research problem determines the type of design you should use, not
the other way around!
• Research design is the framework of research methods and techniques

chosen by a researcher.
• The design allows researchers to hone in on research methods that are
suitable for the subject matter and set up their studies up for success.
• The design of a research topic explains the type of research
(experimental, survey research, correlational, semi-experimental, review) and
also its sub-type (experimental design, research problem, descriptive case-

study).
• There are three main types of designs for research: Data collection,
measurement, and analysis.
Classification based on Inquiry Mode
A) Structured approach: The structured approach to inquiry is usually classified

as quantitative research.
– Here everything that forms the research process- objectives, design, sample, and the questions
that you plan to ask of respondents- is predetermined.
– It is more appropriate to determine the extent of a problem, issue or phenomenon by
quantifying the variation e.g. how many people have a particular problem? How many people
hold a particular attitude? E.g. asking a guest to give feedback about the dishes served in a
restaurant.
B) Unstructured approach: The unstructured approach to inquiry is usually

classified as qualitative research.
– It is more appropriate to explore the nature of a problem, issue or phenomenon without
quantifying it.
– Main objective is to describe the variation in a phenomenon, situation or attitude e.g.,
description of an observed situation, the historical enumeration of events, an account of

different opinions different people have about an issue, description of working condition in a
particular industry. E.g. when guest is complaining about the room not being comfortable and is
demanding a discount the staff has to verify the claims empathically.
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Other Types of Research
Descriptive v/s Analytical: Descriptive research includes surveys

and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds.
– The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs
as it exists at any given time.
– In analytical research: the researcher has to use facts or information already
available, and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.
Applied v/s Fundamental: Research can either be applied (or

action) research or fundamental (to basic or pure) research.
– Applied research aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing
a society or an industrial/business organization,
– fundamental research is mainly concerned with generalizations and with the

formulation of a theory.
Other Types of Research …
Quantitative v/s Qualitative: Quantitative research is based on

the measurement of quantity or amount.
– It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity. E.g.
Studying the number of enquiries received for room bookings through
different modes like internet, emails, calls, letters, or different sources like
travel and tours operators, companies and government organizations etc.
Qualitative research: is concerned with qualitative phenomenon,

i.e., phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind.
– E.g. studying the stress levels and reasons for variable performances of staff
in different shifts in the same department of a hotel.
– The same individuals may perform differently with the change of shift
timings. It can involve performing research about changing preferences of

customers as per the change of season.
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Other Types of Research …
Conceptual vs. Empirical: Conceptual research is associated to

some theoretical idea(s) or presupposition and is generally used
by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or to get
a better understanding of an existing concept in practice.
Empirical research draws together the data based on experience
or observation alone, often without due regard for system and
theory.
– It is data-based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable of
being verified by observation or experiment.
– It is also known as experimental research as it is essential to get facts

firsthand, at their source, and actively to go about doing certain things to
stimulate the production of desired information.
Process of Research
The process of research addresses two major questions i.e.
– what is to be found and
– how it is to be found.
It is like planning a journey where we first decide where we are going and then
we decide how we shall be travelling.
We have to identify important stopovers and routes, check points, modes

available to reach the destination.
The steps involved in finding responses to the research questions comprise

research methodology.
At each operational step in the research process one is required to choose

from a variety of methods, procedures and models of research methodology

which help you to best achieve the objectives.
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Process of Research …
The following aspects need to be considered to determine the

appropriate research process:
Whether the research is being conducted to address a function
within or an external one?
What sorts of method/s are to be used to collect data?
What method of analysis should be used?
What are the objectives?
Whether the methods used are appropriate to the research?

Research Design
Research design is a set of advance decisions that make up the master plan
specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing the
needed information.
Research design is the framework of research methods and
techniques chosen by a researcher.
The design allows researchers to hone in on research methods that
are suitable for the subject matter and set up their studies up for
success.
Why Is Research Design Important?

 Good research design is the ―first rule of good research.‖
 Knowledge of the needed research design allows advance

planning so that the project may be conducted in less time

and typically at a cost savings due to efficiencies gained in
preplanning.
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Objectives of Research Design

To gain background information and to develop hypotheses
To measure the state of a variable of interest
To test hypotheses that specify the relationships between two or
more variables
To be noted:
 In many cases, research is an iterative process.
 By conducting one research project, we learn that we may

need additional research, which may result in using

multiple research designs.
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Three Types of Research Designs

Exploratory
Descriptive
Causal
Exploratory research is usually conducted at the outset of
research projects.
It is usually conducted when the researcher does not know much

about the problems.
Gain background information
Uses of Exploratory Research Define terms
Clarify problems and hypothesis
Establish research priorities 4-78
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Exploratory Research Methods

 Secondary data analysis: the process of searching for and interpreting
existing information relevant to the research topic
 Experience surveys: refer to gathering information from those to be
knowledgeable on the issues relevant to the research problem
 Key-informant technique: gathering information from those thought to be
knowledgeable on the issues relevant to the problem
 Lead-user survey: used to acquire information from lead users of a new
technology
Case analysis: a review of available information about a former

situation(s) that has some similarities to the current research problem
Focus groups: small groups brought together and guided by a

moderator through an unstructured, spontaneous discussion for the
purpose of gaining information relevant to the research problem
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Descriptive Research
Descriptive research is undertaken to describe answers to
questions of who, what, where, when, and how.
It is desirable when we wish to project a study’s findings to a
larger population, if the study’s sample is representative.
Descriptive Research Classifications
 Cross-sectional studies
 Longitudinal studies
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Descriptive Research Studies

Cross-sectional studies measure units from a sample of the
population at only one point in time (or “snapshot”).
– Sample surveys are cross-sectional studies whose samples are drawn in
such a way as to be representative of a specific population.
– These studies are usually presented with a margin of error.
Longitudinal studies repeatedly measure the same sample

units of a population over time.
Since they involve multiple measurements over time, they are
often described as “movies” of the population.

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Causal Research
 Causality may be thought of as understanding a phenomenon in

terms of conditional statements of the form “If x, then y.”
 Causal relationships are often determined by the use of
experiments.
An experiment is defined as manipulating an independent
variable to see how it affects a dependent variable while also
controlling the effects of additional extraneous variables.
Independent variables are those variables that the researcher

has control over and wishes to manipulate.
Examples are level of ad expenditure, type of ad appeal, display

location, method of compensating salespersons, price, and type
of product.
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Causal Research: Dependent, Extraneous

Variables
Dependent variables are those variables that we have little or
no direct control over but a strong interest in changing.
 Extraneous variables are those variables that may have some

effect on a dependent variable yet are not independent
variables.

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Causal Research: Experimental Design
Experimental design is a procedure for devising an experimental

setting such that a change in a dependent variable may be
attributed solely to the change in an independent variable.
Pretest refers to the measurement of the dependent variable

taken prior to changing the independent variable.
Posttest refers to measuring the dependent variable after
changing the independent variable.
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Causal Research: Experimental Design …
A “true” experimental design: isolates the effects of the

independent variable on the dependent variable while controlling
for the effects of any extraneous variables.
Quasi-experimental design: ones that do not properly control for
the effects of extraneous variables on our dependent variable.
How Valid Are Experiments?

An experiment is valid if the following are true:
– The observed change in the dependent variable is due to the
independent variable.

– The results of the experiment apply to the “real world” outside the
experimental setting.
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Causal Research: How Valid are

Experiments?
 Two forms of validity are used to assess the validity of an
experiment:
 Internal validity is concerned with the extent to which the change in the
dependent variable is actually due to the change in the independent
variable.
 External validity refers to the extent that the relationship observed
between the independent and dependent variables during the experiment
is generalizable to the “real world.”
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Causal Research: Types of

Experiments
Laboratory experiments are those in which the independent
variable is manipulated and measures of the dependent variable
are taken in a contrived, artificial setting for the purpose of
controlling the many possible extraneous variables that may
affect the dependent variable.
Field experiments are those in which the independent

variables are manipulated and the measurements of the
dependent variable are made on test units in their natural
setting.

HOW-What is necessary for Research
Background
– Mathematics and System and theories
– Engineering tools (software, matlab….), hardware (CPU, arm….)
Methods (Skills)
– How to think logically
– How to start to do research
– How to find quantitative references
– How to make research plan
– How to manage the research progress
– How to present the result: presentation and writing
– How to deal with research results (e.g. legal aspect)
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What It Takes to Do Research

Curiosity: allow you to ask questions
Critical thinking: allow you to challenge
assumptions
Learning: take you to the frontier of knowledge
Persistence: so that you don’t give up
Respect data and truth: ensure your research is
solid

Communication: allow you to publish your work
C3 LPR
Critical Thinking
Develop a habit of asking questions, especially why questions
Always try to make sense of what you have read/heard; don’t
let any question pass by
Get used to challenging everything
Practical advice
–Question every claim made in a paper or a talk (can you
argue the other way?)
–Try to write two opposite reviews of a paper (one mainly to
argue for accepting the paper and the other for rejecting it)
–Force yourself to challenge one point in every talk that you

attend and raise a question
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Respect Data and Truth

Be honest with the experiment results
– Don’t throw away negative results!
– Try to learn from negative results
Don’t twist data to fit your hypothesis; instead, let the

hypothesis choose data
Be objective in data analysis and interpretation; don’t mislead
readers
Aim at understanding/explanation instead of just good results
Be careful not to over-generalize (for both good and bad

results); you may be far from the truth
Communications
General communication skills:
–Oral and written
–Formal and informal
–Talk to people with different level of backgrounds
Be clear, concise, accurate, and adaptive (elaborate
with examples, summarize by abstraction)
English proficiency
Get used to talking to people from different fields
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Persistence
Work only on topics that you are passionate about
Work only on hypotheses that you believe in
Don’t draw negative conclusions prematurely and give up easily

– positive results may be hidden in negative results
– In many cases, negative results don’t completely reject a hypothesis
Be comfortable with criticisms about your work (learn from negative

reviews of a rejected paper)
Think of possibilities of repositioning a work (what you learn from an

unsuccessful exploration can often inspire a new interesting research

direction)
Optimize Your Training

Know your strengths and weaknesses (SWOT)
–strong in math vs. strong in system development
–creative vs. thorough
–…
Train yourself to fix weaknesses
Find strategic partners
Position yourself to take advantage of your strengths
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HOW to do Research…
Research Process
Types of Research Questions and
Results
Solid work
High Impact Research

HOW - Research Process
Identification of a topic & raise a research question
– research question = question with no answer, or no good answer
described in any literature
Hypothesis formulation
– offer a (possible) answer to the research question
– formulate a hypothesis based on your answer (e.g., “your new method
better than an existing method”)
Design experiments to test hypothesis (e.g., compare X and Y

on the data)
Draw conclusions and repeat the cycle if needed
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Research Process …
Review the Available
Literature
Publish Formulate a
Findings Question
Research Process
Interpret Select an Appropriate
Findings Research Design
Collect Relevant

Data
HOW – Type of Research

Questions
Exploratory research: Identify and frame a new problem (e.g.,
“a survey/outlook of personalized search”)
Constructive research: Construct a (new) solution to a
problem (e.g., “a new method for expert finding”)
Empirical research: evaluate and compare existing solutions
(e.g., “a comparative evaluation of link analysis methods for
web search”)
The “E-C-E cycle”:
– Exploratory -> constructive -> empirical -> exploratory…
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HOW - Types of Research Questions

and Results …
Exploratory (Framework): What’s out there?
Descriptive (Principles): What does it look like? How does it
work?
Evaluative (Empirical results): How well does a method solve a
problem?
Explanatory (Causes): Why does something happen the way it
happens?
Predictive (Models): What would happen if xxx ?

Applied : Where can it be used ?
HOW – Solid and High Impact Research

Solid work:
– A clear hypothesis (research question) with conclusive result (either positive or
negative)
– Clearly adds to our knowledge base (can we really learn something new from
this work?)
– Implications: a solid, focused contribution is often better than a non- conclusive
broad exploration
High impact = high-importance-of-problem * high-quality-of-

solution
– high impact = open up an important problem
– high impact = close a problem with the best solution
– high impact = major milestones in between

– Implications: question the importance of the problem and don’t just be satisfied
with a good solution, make it the best
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Problem Formulation
Formulating Research Problem
Problem Formulation - Understanding Modeling & Simulation - Conducting Literature Review - Referencing -
Information Sources - Information Retrieval - Role of libraries in Information Retrieval - Tools for identifying
Literatures - Indexing and Abstracting Services - Citation Indexes.

Academic Research Process
Problem Formulation Doing the Research (addressing the
problem)
Area Problem Initiation and Method of
Identification Identification Definition Solution
Solution
Presentation
Peer Review Process Intellectual Property
Right/Patent
Publication/report/thesis writing
Technical article, etc
Research process, whether industrial research or

academic research, most of them followed.
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FORMULATING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

According to Bryman, Alan. ― A research problem is a definite or clear
expression [statement] about an area of concern, a condition to be improved
upon, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in
scholarly literature, in theory, or within existing practice that points to a need
for meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation.
A research problem does not state how to do something, offer a vague or

broad proposition, or present a value question.
It is not always easy to formulate the research problem simply and clearly. It
may take years to decide for some and just a few minutes for others to decide
the research problem to be studied.
The social issues may provide a broader prospect but it may not suggest a

specific one. E.g. understanding economic background of society may not
address the issues of unemployment in the same society therefore
unemployment needs to studied differently and individually to assess the
underlying problems.
Sources of Research Problems
Some sources of Research Problems may be identified as follows:

Personal Experiences.
Media: Documentation done on various issues, live coverage, panel discussions etc.
Resources: Literature such as books, journals, news articles, periodicals etc. may
facilitate the researcher to identify a relevant problem based on the area of interest.
Discussions: A researcher may be able to come to a conclusion to identify a research

problem by discussing the perspectives with peers, colleagues, seniors in the field,
guides etc.
Government / Official Records: The orders passed by government. The decisions given
in various cases by courts, the petitions and surveys conducted become important
sources to shortlist finer prints in abrader problem.
People: A group of individuals may be studied to understand how they behave, how tiny
respond to a particular situation do or what responses are generated when they are
influenced from within or outside the group.
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Sources of Research Problems…

Problems: It may be decided to examine the existence of certain issues
or problems relating to society, sciences or any subjects in reference.
Programs: These may be used to evaluate the effectiveness of an

interference, involvement or intrusions.
Phenomena: To establish the existence of regularity and to understand

if a procedure would yield similar results overtime when used
repetitively. This includes causes and effects and relationships between
variables.
Ideas from external sources.
Interdisciplinary Perspectives.

Important Considerations in Selecting a
Research Problem
A good research problem should incorporate the following features:
Persuasive Topic: The problem that is taken up for research should not only be
of ample interest to the researcher but also the one that is continuously
motivating to ensure consistent efforts to find a solution.
– The significance is greatly reduced if the idea is to just get some superficial knowledge about
the problem and not to lead the researcher to resolve.
Viability: A problem that has been identified to be studied should be decided

on the basis of whether it is actually possible to be resolved , or has some
previous know how to guide the researcher to move ahead.
– A problem which has not been foreseen earlier may be selected but then the resources
availability should be considered.
The So What Test: A research problem should be able to pass the ―So What?
test as in social researches, to ascertain the meaningfulness and relevance of
studying a particular problem.
– If the problem does not a result which may lead to further study or analysis it has be avoided.
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Important Considerations in Selecting a

Research Problem …
Few more considerations that assist a researcher to ensure that the study will
remain manageable and that you will remain motivated are:
Interest: a research endeavor is usually time consuming, and involves hard

work and possibly unforeseen problems. One should select topic of great
interest to sustain the required motivation.
Magnitude: It is extremely important to select a topic that you can manage

within the time and resources at your disposal. Narrow the topic down to
something manageable, specific and clear.
Measurement of concepts: Make sure that you are clear about the indicators
and measurement of concepts (if used) in your study.

Level of expertise: Make sure that you have adequate level of expertise for
the task you are proposing since you need to do the work yourself.
Important Considerations in Selecting a Research

Problem …
Relevance: Ensure that your study adds to the existing body of
knowledge, bridges current gaps and is useful in policy
formulation. This will help you to sustain interest in the study.
Availability of data: Before finalizing the topic, make sure that
data are available.
Ethical issues: How ethical issues can affect the study
population and how ethical problems can be overcome should
be thoroughly examined at the problem formulating stage.
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Statement of Research Problem

A research problem statement has to be adequate as different
people may interpret it in many ways and draw inferences that
the researcher has not even thought of.
It has to be established that this statement leads only in a single
direction and leads only to where one wants to reach.
This would also avoid new generalized issues arising out of the
work.

Statement of Research Problem …
For a problem statement to be effective, it should have the
following characteristics: (Andrew & Hildebrand 1982):
The problem reflects felt needs
The problem is non-hypothetical, i.e. it must be based on factual
evidence
It should suggest meaningful and testable hypotheses - to avoid
answers that are of little or no use to the alleviation of the
problem
The problems should be relevant and manageable
The problem statement is therefore a very important device for

keeping you on track with your research.
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PROCESS OF FORMULATION OF A RESEARCH PROBLEM
An appropriate statement of research problem would need the

researcher to follow certain steps to be able to arrive at the expected
outcome with an addition of reasonable new knowledge.
Developing a Conceptual Framework: The researcher has to
conceptualize, identify and select a broad discipline before short
listing the final aspects to be studied.
– Then it is to find out which of these aspects generate the maximum interest
and lead one to work with enthusiasm and perseverance.
– Assimilate the set of questions that would address the problem adequately
and formulate objectives that correspond to these questions.

PROCESS OF FORMULATION OF A RESEARCH PROBLEM …
Referring the available literature on the problem: An extensive literature
reference is necessary to find out the available information about the identified
problem.
– It assists in understanding the earlier work done in the similar area and prevents the chances of
doing a repetitive work.
– It is the study of available knowledge in the field and especially in the perspective of problem
stated by the researcher.
– It provides a description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works in relation to the
research problem being investigated.
– To carry out review of literature, you need to locate, read and evaluate research documents,
reports as well as thesis and other sources of academic materials. Review done for one particular
research process must be extensive and thorough because it is aimed to obtain a detailed
account of the problem being studied.
The reference to the available literature and the reviewing it has the following
advantages:
– Brings clarity and focus to the research problem- Reviewing literature can be time-consuming,
daunting and frustrating, but is also rewarding.
– Improves the methodology: continue this in Literature review (how to do research)
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Problem Formulation
A problem well defined is a

problem half solved

How to Identify a Good Research
Problem
What is a Good Research Problem?
Well-defined: Would be able to tell whether you’ve solved the
problem?
Highly important: Who would really care about the solution to
the problem? Does it solve a big pain?
– Identify fundamental problems
– Dream big to identify novel application opportunities
Solvable: Is there any clue about how to solve it? Do you have a
baseline approach? Do you have the needed resources?
Matching your strength: Are you good at solving this kind of

problems?
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How to Find a Problem?

Application-driven (Find a nail, then make a hammer)
– Identify a need by people/users that cannot be satisfied well currently
(“complaints” about current data/information management systems?)
– How difficult is it to solve the problem?
No big technical challenges: do a startup

Lots of big challenges: write a research proposal
– Identify one technical challenge as your topic
– Formulate/frame the problem appropriately so that you can solve it
Aim at a completely new application/function (find a high-

stake nail)
How to Find a Problem? …

Tool-driven (Hold a hammer, and look for a nail)
– Choose your favorite state-of-the-art tools
 Ideally, you have a “secret weapon”
 Otherwise, bring tools from area X to area Y
– Look around for possible applications
– Find a novel application that seems to match your tools
– How difficult is it to use your tools to solve the problem?
 No big technical challenges: do a startup
 Lots of big challenges: write a research proposal
– Identify one technical challenge as your topic
– Formulate/frame the problem appropriately so that you can solve it
Aim at important extension of the tool (find an unexpected application and

use the best hammer)
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How to Find a Problem? …

In practice, we do both in various kinds of ways
–You use your imagination, or talk to people in
application domains to identify new “nails”
–You take courses and read literature to acquire
newest or powerful “hammers”
–You check out related areas for both new “nails”
and new “hammers”
–You read visionary papers and the “future work”
sections of research papers, and then take a

problem from there
Problem Solving Loop
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Methodological Decision Tree

1. Primary 2. Problem 3. Problem Development and
Objective 4. General Analysis Selection
Identification Hypothesis Generation
Publication
Theory -A Theoretical
Literature Search
Analysis
Particular
PhD Requirement Particular
Problem Theory -B
Behavior Model Hypothesis
Model and
Empirical
Increase Definition Antiithesis
Accounting Research
Knowledge Model
Solve Problem
5. Data Collection and 6. Data 7. Conclusion and

Measurement Analysis Inference
Questionnaire
Simulation Analysis of Particular Statistical
Particular Interview variance test
Controlled Laboratory
Experiment environment
Observation Regression Specification
and Business
Analysis Analysis

game
Field Study/ Audio/Video
Experiment Selection of Significant
Factor Analysis
Level
Example: Problem Definition

Problem identification and Survey
Survey
– Literature: paper, report, article and book
 “Every new beginning comes from some other beginning’s end”
 Interview or observation of the research target
Defining the Problem to be tackled

– Exact understanding of the problem leads to a better solution
– Writing the definition of the problem and research objective “writing
makes an exact man” (Bacon)
Making a plan for management

– Time table according to research progress or time limitations
– Allocation of research resources: time, equipment, and man power
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Example: Problem Definition …

Identify a broad area (and if you have passion for the area)
Say – 5G Wireless technology (a very broad area)
Search for “recent research in 5G Wireless technology”
Massive MIMO, mmWave Communication, NBIoT, Massive
Machine Connectivity, D2D Communication, Self organizing
Networks, Cloud RAN, (broad area)
Learn little bit of them if you don’t know. For example, which
technology is at PHY Layer, Which is at MAC layer, which is at
Network layer etc.

My strength and comparative knowledge is on software side –
do more research on Cloud RAN
Example: Problem Definition …

Lets say, my problem identification –”Cloud RAN for 5G Wireless”
Repeat the search for Cloud RAN – “Recent research in Cloud RAN
Search what is happening recently in Cloud RAN – Read one para of all
the links, if you find paper from good source, read abstract and
conclusion
Keep writing about probable topics (list 10-15 of them). Keep

discussing with supervisor and colleagues
Short list from the above to 4-5
Further short out to 1-2

Possible Problem Definition – “Optimizing Resource Allocation in Cloud RAN for 5G

Networks”
The problem is to find out techniques where by Resource Allocation in Cloud RAN
is optimized. and the technique is new
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Techniques Involved in Defining a Problem
Defining problem simply means that the researcher

has to lay down certain boundaries within which
he/she has to study the problem with a predefined
objective in mind.
Defining a problem is a herculean task, and this must
be done intelligently to avoid confusions that arise in
the research operation.

Step to follow (example)
State the problem in a general way:

First state the problem in general terms with respect to some
practical, scientific or intellectual interest.
For this, the researcher may himself read the concerned subject
matter thoroughly or take the help of the subject expert.
Often, the guide states the problem in general terms; it depends
on the researcher if he/she wants to narrow it down to
operational terms.
The problem stated should also be checked for ambiguity and
feasibility.
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Step to follow in defining a problem ..

Understand the nature of the problem:
The next step is to understand the nature and origin of the problem.
The researcher needs to discuss the problem with those related to the subject
matter in order to clearly understand the origin of the problem, its nature,
objectives, and the environment in which the problem is to be studied.
Survey the available literature:

 All available literature including relevant theories, reports,
records, and other relevant literature on the problem needs to
be reviewed and examined.
 This would help the researcher to identify the data available,
the techniques that might be used, types of difficulties that

may be encountered during the study, possible analytical
shortcomings, and even new methods of approach to the present
problem.
Step to follow in defining a problem …
Go for discussions for developing ideas:

The researcher may discuss the problem with his/her
colleagues and others related to the concerned subject.
This helps the researcher to generate new ideas, identify
different aspects on the problem, gain suggestions and advices
from others, and sharpen his focus on certain aspects within
the field.
However, discussions should not be limited to the problem
only, but should also be related to the general approach to the
problem, techniques that might be used, possible solutions,

etc.
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Step to follow in defining a problem …
Rephrase the research problem into a working proposition:

Finally, the researcher must rephrase the problem into a
working proposition.
Rephrasing the problem means putting the problem in specific
terms that is feasible and may help in the development of
working hypotheses.
Once the researcher has gone through the above steps
systematically, it is easy to rephrase the problem into analytical
and operational terms

Research Journey
• Researching is a process that demands planning,
forethought, commitment, and persistence.
• It needs to be managed, navigated and, negotiated

from early conception to final destination.
• It is important for a student researcher to keep in

mind that your journey to produce knowledge will
also be a learning journey about both research itself
and your ability to manage intricacies and
complexity.
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Research Journey: Staying on

Course

Question to answer
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Research Journey: Staying on

Course…

Address the question
43
Remarks & Quote
DOING the RESEARCH 12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013
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Doing the Research

Literature (State of art) information is one of
the keys.
Identify the Researchers (worldwide) working
in the same area
List active researchers in the domain
Generate the statistics of them like
publications, projects, etc.

Doing the Research: Good
Starting point
 Select the key words regarding the problem
 Systematic search
 Analysis of Previous results

 Existence of similar results
 What are good references?
 What is the best and recognized result in the
literature?
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System Search:
Scientific Resources

Properties of Resources
Look for the journals of High Impact Factor and very reputed like
IEEE, IET, Springer, Science Direct, Wiley (avoid OPEN ACCESS)
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Searching of Scientific articles

Scientific Resources …
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Scientific Electronic Resources …

Searching for Patent
48
Searching
Literature Search
12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013 12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013
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22-06-2022
22-06-2022
New Search Technology
 Better suited for variety of

digital content types
 Ability to perform advanced
searches via global search box
 Stemming within proximity
searches
 Wildcards within phrased
searches
 Proximity searches (A OR B)
NEAR/3
 Term (C OR D)
highlighting
 Foundation for future IEEE
Xplore platform capabilities

Index Terms Facet
Narrow search results

by Inspec Index Terms
50
Searching Database …
12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013 12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013
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22-06-2022
22-06-2022

New Features:
AUTHOR DETAIL PAGES
 Helps authors promote their

published works in IEEE
Xplore
 Publically available summary

of research activities
 Metrics on author's total

publications & history
 Links to co-authors info pages
 Consolidated list of author's

publications in IEEE Xplore
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Questions about searching IEEE Xplore®?

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/#/

166
Code Ocean: View & Run Code in IEEE Xplore

Allowing users to leverage the tools of Code Ocean right in IEEE
Code Ocean:
Xplore View
(without leaving the& Run
site). Code
Users in IEEE
can perform Xplore
key functions
within the module such as download files and run algorithms.
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22-06-2022
Understanding the Technology Landscape

with InnovationQ Plus
Run a semantic search across US

patents on the full text of a
journal article, conference paper
or standard to identify the top
organizations patenting in
technologies discussed in the
document

IEEE Explore Search…
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Dissertations and Thesis

Search Engine and recommended
tools to know
Tools to use and know
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Need to Update Yourself

How to stay up-to-date
Magazine and letters

Modelling & Simulation
Modelling & Simulation: Modelling is the process of representing
a model which includes its construction and working.
This model is similar to a real system, which helps the analyst
predict the effect of changes to the system.
Simulation of a system is the operation of a model in terms of
time or space, which helps analyze the performance of an existing
or a proposed system.
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Simulation and Modeling: Developing

Simulation Models
Simulation models consist of the following components:
– system entities,
– input variables,
– performance measures, and
– functional relationships.
Following are the steps to develop a simulation model.

– Step 1 − Identify the problem with an existing system or set requirements of
a proposed system.
– Step 2 − Design the problem while taking care of the existing system factors
and limitations.

– Step 3 − Collect and start processing the system data, observing its
performance and result.
Simulation and Modeling: Developing

Simulation Models …
–Step 4 − Develop the model using network diagrams and
verify it using various verifications techniques.
–Step 5 − Validate the model by comparing its performance
under various conditions with the real system.
–Step 6 − Create a document of the model for future use,
which includes objectives, assumptions, input variables and
performance in detail.
–Step 7 − Select an appropriate experimental design as per
requirement.
–Step 8 − Induce experimental conditions on the model and
observe the result.
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Performing Simulation Analysis

Following are the steps to perform simulation analysis.
– Step 1 − Prepare a problem statement.
– Step 2 − Choose input variables and create entities for the simulation process. There are
two types of variables - decision variables and uncontrollable variables. Decision variables
are controlled by the programmer, whereas uncontrollable variables are the random
variables.
– Step 3 − Create constraints on the decision variables by assigning it to the simulation
process.
– Step 4 − Determine the output variables.
– Step 5 − Collect data from the real-life system to input into the simulation.
– Step 6 − Develop a flowchart showing the progress of the simulation process.
– Step 7 − Choose an appropriate simulation software to run the model.
– Step 8 − Verify the simulation model by comparing its result with the real-time system.

– Step 9 − Perform an experiment on the model by changing the variable values to find the
best solution.
– Step 10 − Finally, apply these results into the real-time system.
Modelling & Simulation ─ Advantages

Following are the advantages of using Modelling and Simulation −
– Easy to understand − Allows to understand how the system really operates
without working on real-time systems.
– Easy to test − Allows to make changes into the system and their effect on the
output without working on real-time systems.
– Easy to upgrade − Allows to determine the system requirements by applying
different configurations.
– Easy to identifying constraints − Allows to perform bottleneck analysis that
causes delay in the work process, information, etc.
– Easy to diagnose problems − Certain systems are so complex that it is not
easy to understand their interaction at a time. However, Modelling &
Simulation allows to understand all the interactions and analyze their effect.
Additionally, new policies, operations, and procedures can be explored

without affecting the real system.
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Modelling & Simulation ─ Disadvantages
Following are the disadvantages of using Modelling and

Simulation −
– Designing a model is an art which requires domain knowledge, training and
experience.
– Operations are performed on the system using random number, hence
difficult to predict the result.
– Simulation requires manpower and it is a time-consuming process.
– Simulation results are difficult to translate. It requires experts to
understand.
– Simulation process is expensive.

Modelling & Simulation ─ Application Areas
Modelling & Simulation can be applied to the following

areas − Military applications, training & support,
designing semiconductors, telecommunications, civil
engineering designs & presentations, and E-business
models.
Additionally, it is used to study the internal structure of
a complex system such as the biological system. It is
used while optimizing the system design such as
routing algorithm, assembly line, etc. It is used to test
new designs and policies. It is used to verify analytic

solutions.
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Analysis of Previous Results

Good starting point –
Take few RECENT PUBLISHED Work (from
Journal/transactions, etc) – very close to your
work.
Read them in detail and REPRODUCE the
Existing Result
Do this for 2-3 Journals – You will able to

generate New results, may be incremental but
able to publish in Conference
Analysis of Previous Results and finding

the best technique
By this, you are able to understand:
– what is the BEST RESULT available,
– which are the techniques used to obtain the result
– you will able to make an inference and will able to think:
 if other techniques are used, what will happen
 which are the parameters considered, are there more
 can it be generalized?
 can it be used for a particular application and if, what additional changes are
required
 ………. and many such thoughts will be flowing in your mind. Keep them
noted (if not during your PhD, some of these thoughts might be considered
after PhD).
– You are matured enough and understood what you need to do.
Please note – PhD is your Journey alone and a LONG RUNNING
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Authoring
Publishing Your Research

Work
How to write for Periodicals &

conferences (Technical)?

183 6/21/2022
Research Process: Background

Problem Formulation Doing the Research (addressing the
problem)
Area Problem Initiation and Method of
Identification Identification Definition Solution
Solution
Presentation
Peer Review Process Intellectual Property
Right/Patent
Publication/report/thesis writing
Technical article, etc
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Consideration in Authoring Your Paper

Overview
1. Publishing choices Choices WHERE?

2. Choose an Audience Audience WHO?
3. Paper Structure Structure
4. Ethics Ethics HOW?
5. Author Tools Author
Tools

What to do with results?
Publish -> WHAT (new results, Methods),

WHERE?
HOW?
Patent
Prepare a report/document it
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22-06-2022
Publishing ?
What is publishing or publication?
The publication means the act of publishing.
Publishing is the dissemination of literature, music, or
information—the activity of making information available to the
general public.
"Publication" is a technical term in legal contexts and especially
important in copyright legislation.
An author of a work generally is the initial owner of the copyright
on the work.

One of the copyrights granted to the author of a work is the
189 exclusive
6/21/2022 right to publish the work.
Copyrights
Copyright?
Copyright: "a person's exclusive right to reproduce, publish, or sell his or her original
work of authorship (as a literary, musical, dramatic, artistic, or architectural work).“
Copyright is a legal right created by the law of a country that grants the creator of an
original work exclusive rights for its use and distribution.
Copyright is a form of intellectual property, applicable to certain forms of creative

work.
Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the intellect for which a monopoly is
assigned to designated owners by law. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are the
protections granted to the creators of IP, and include trademarks, copyright, patents,
industrial design rights, and in some jurisdictions trade secrets
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Copyright Protected/Not Protected
What is protected under Copyright? What is not protected?

Literary works (e.g., written works, Ideas or concepts
source codes of computer programs) Discoveries
Dramatic works (e.g.,. scripts for films and dramas) Procedures
Musical works (e.g., melodies) Methods

Artistic works (e.g., paintings, photographs)
Published editions of the above works Works or other subject matter that have not
be made in a tangible form in a recording or
writing
Sound recordings Subject matter that is not of original

Films authorship

Television and radio broadcasts
Cable programmes
Performances
191 6/21/2022
Publishing Your Research Work

WHO to publish?
As a researcher or practicing engineer, you know how important it is to
publish the results of your work.
– Researcher – Students (UG/PG), PhD Scholars, Researchers (research
assistant/associate), Teacher, Professor….
It is not just about career advancement or getting recognition.
Publication is a critical step in the scientific process.
Your discoveries will foster innovation and help advance technology for
public good.
But that can only happen if your research can be read, understood, and
built upon by your fellow researchers and engineers.
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22-06-2022
WHO …
How can I write a research paper and get it published if I'm a

third year engineering student?
Sir, I (we) want to publish a paper, how can we do?
Sir, I am interested in research/project and want to publish,
can we do? How can we do?
Sir, now department requirement is a publication by 8th
semester, how can we publish?
????????????...

193 6/21/2022
WHO …
First of all, remove the thought that you are a student who wish to do research and
that YOU CAN’T publish
Sometimes students do wonders because of their unbiased approach at solving thing.
As a 3rd year student, you can make use of your project time. You can choose a project
that is novel. You can do a stimulation based project, conceptualisation based project
or hardware based project.
You can write and publish the results of your project but...
BUT YOU NEED an Experienced Researcher/Professor who have experienced in

Publications.
Short Answer :
You need to find a good professor with a good research experience/

project who will help you with the task. Doing it alone is possible but
VERY difficult.
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22-06-2022
WHO…
Firstly, following are the challenges faced by undergraduate
students in general which makes it difficult for them to publish
research papers as compared to Masters or PhD students:
– Lots of coursework : If you want to publish papers, you must have knowledge
about the fundamentals which means you have to spend time doing basic
courses of engineering (your branch), by attending classes or by reading
through books.
– Understanding existing literature : Once you are equipped with the
knowledge, it takes some time to understand the already existing literature,
understanding research terminologies etc.
– Deciding your research area: One is generally not very sure about his interests
at the undergraduate level and hence getting overwhelmed and switching

projects is common.
195 6/21/2022
WHO…
Some minor challenges:
4. Publishing a paper requires good writing style too which comes with experience and
hence requires reading a good amount of papers and writing practice.
5. The choice of journals and conferences is also not easy for undergrads as essentially
it is a compromise between chances of acceptance and quality of journal, knowledge of
which requires experience.
The following suggestions to overcome these challenges as per my experience (in

limited time it is quite difficult to do all of this). So the strategy which I like is finding
someone who will ease the process.
– Try to find a professor (not necessarily in your college) who focuses on publications
and good research.
– Convince him that you are interested in good research and will work hard to produce
publishable results.
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WHO …
If s/he is convinced s/he will give you a potential project (paper) to

work upon and explain you the objectives.
Also, if you find a batch-mate who is equally enthusiastic, that's a big

plus.
Usually, I don't think they expect you to innovate a lot in the problem
but strong knowledge of fundamentals should be necessary.
Start working on the project and meet him regularly and update him
about your work.
If the professor is good, getting papers should not be a difficult task.

197 6/21/2022
Publishing Your Research Work…
WHY to publish?
Career Progression. Graduation, Recognition, ….
Think about how our

work will be received and
evaluated by our peers.
Accumulate Citation
A "citation" is the way
you tell your readers that
certain material in your
work came from another
Ex: The 3G cellular networks, e.g. UMTS [1], are designed to provide voice and data services to
mobile users. The sustainable per user data rate is hundreds of kbps limited by the total cell
capacity of up to 2-3 Mbps.
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WHY? …
Think about WHY you want to publish your
work.
–Is it new and interesting?

–Is it a current hot topic?
–Have you provided solutions to some
difficult problems?
–Are you ready to publish at this point?
If all answers are “yes”, then start preparations

for your manuscript
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What to Publish?
Original research: These are detailed studies reporting
original research and are classified as primary
literature.
They include hypothesis, background study, methods,
results, interpretation of findings, and a discussion of
possible implications.
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WHAT and WHAT NOT

What to publish:
New and original results or methods
Reviews or summaries of particular subject
Manuscripts that advance the knowledge and understanding in
a certain scientific field
What NOT to publish:

–Reports of no scientific interest
–Out of date work

–Duplications of previously published work
–Incorrect/unacceptable conclusions
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WHAT and WHAT NOT …
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CHOICES (WHERE)
Example – Journal, Conference Proceeding, Magazine
Review article: It gives an overview of existing literature in a
field, often identifying specific problems or issues and analysing
information from available published work on the topic with a
balanced perspective. Often INVITED.
–These are considered as secondary.
Normally: (i) Conference does not accept REVIEW

Article
(ii) Very experienced and expert write it.
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CHOICES (WHERE) …
Letters (also called communications, and not to be confused

with letters to the editor) are short descriptions of important
current research findings that are usually fast-tracked for
immediate publication because they are considered urgent.
Book Chapter
Book
Self-evaluate your work. Is it sufficient for a full article? Or are your

results so thrilling that they should be shown as soon as possible?
Ask your supervisor and your colleagues for advice on manuscript

type.
Sometimes outsiders can see things more clearly than you.
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WHERE: Example- Survey & Tutorial

Title: Privacy in the Smart City—Applications, Technologies, Challenges, and Solutions
Abstract: Many modern cities strive to integrate information technology into every aspect of city life to create
so-called smart cities. Smart cities rely on a large number of application areas and technologies to realize
complex interactions between citizens, third parties, and city departments. This overwhelming complexity is
one reason why holistic privacy protection only rarely enters the picture. A lack of privacy can result in
discrimination and social sorting, creating a fundamentally unequal society. To prevent this, we believe that a
better understanding of smart cities and their privacy implications is needed. We therefore systematize the
application areas, enabling technologies, privacy types, attackers, and data sources for the attacks, giving
structure to the fuzzy term “smart city.” Based on our taxonomies, we describe existing privacy-enhancing
technologies, review the state of the art in real cities around the world, and discuss promising future research
directions. Our survey can serve as a reference guide, contributing to the development of privacy-friendly
smart cities.
IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials ( Volume: 20, Issue: 1, First quarter 2018 (Page(s): 489 – 516); 267
References

Towards Energy-Efﬁcient Wireless Networking in the Big Data Era: A Survey
Xianghui Cao , Senior Member, IEEE, Lu Liu, Student Member, IEEE,
Yu Cheng, Senior Member, IEEE, and Xuemin (Sherman) Shen, Fellow, IEEE
3036/21/2022
205 – 332; 221 References.
Publishing Your Research Work …

WHAT and WHERE to publish?
Example – Journal, Conference Proceeding, Magazine
Review article: It gives an overview of existing literature in a field, often identifying

specific problems or issues and analysing information from available published work
on the topic with a balanced perspective. Often INVITED.
– These are considered as secondary.
Normally: (i) Conference does not accept REVIEW Article

(ii) Very experienced and expert write it.
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WHAT …
Letters (also called communications, and not to be confused

with letters to the editor) are short descriptions of important
current research findings that are usually fast-tracked for
immediate publication because they are considered urgent.
Book Chapter
Book
Self-evaluate your work. Is it sufficient for a full article? Or are your

results so thrilling that they should be shown as soon as possible?

Ask your supervisor and your colleagues for advice on manuscript
type.
Sometimes outsiders can see things more clearly than you.
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Example: Survey & Tutorial

Title: Privacy in the Smart City—Applications, Technologies, Challenges, and Solutions
Abstract: Many modern cities strive to integrate information technology into every aspect of city life to create so-called smart
cities. Smart cities rely on a large number of application areas and technologies to realize complex interactions between citizens,
third parties, and city departments. This overwhelming complexity is one reason why holistic privacy protection only rarely enters
the picture. A lack of privacy can result in discrimination and social sorting, creating a fundamentally unequal society. To prevent
this, we believe that a better understanding of smart cities and their privacy implications is needed. We therefore systematize the
application areas, enabling technologies, privacy types, attackers, and data sources for the attacks, giving structure to the fuzzy
term “smart city.” Based on our taxonomies, we describe existing privacy-enhancing technologies, review the state of the art in
real cities around the world, and discuss promising future research directions. Our survey can serve as a reference guide,
contributing to the development of privacy-friendly smart cities.
IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials ( Volume: 20, Issue: 1, First quarter 2018 (Page(s): 489 – 516); 267 References
Towards Energy-Efﬁcient Wireless Networking in the Big Data Era: A Survey

Xianghui Cao , Senior Member, IEEE, Lu Liu, Student Member, IEEE,
Yu Cheng, Senior Member, IEEE, and Xuemin (Sherman) Shen, Fellow, IEEE
303 – 332; 221 References.

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WHERE: Selecting the Journal

– Look at your references – these will help you narrow your
choices.
– Review recent publications in each candidate journal.

Find out the hot topics, the accepted types of articles, etc.
– Ask yourself the following questions:

 Is the journal peer-reviewed?
 Who is this journal’s audience?
 What is the average time to print?
 What is the journal’s Impact Factor?

– Decide on one journal.
210
– DO NOT submit to multiple journals.
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Journal or Conference?
• A journal article is a fully developed presentation of your work and
its final findings (typically, Min 12+ pages single line space)
• Detailed methodology, mathematical analysis, algorithm, flowchart,
etc.
• Original research results presented (6-8 minimum results plot/table,
etc.)
• Clear conclusions are made and supported by the data
• References, citation are more (typical, min 25+)
• A conference article can be written while research is ongoing

• Also original research work
• Can present preliminary couple of results
Gain informal feedback to use in your research
•
• Not so much of math/equations, not detail methodology
• Conference articles are typically shorter than journal articles, with less
211 detail and fewer references (9-11 at most)
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WHERE: Traditional or Open Access Journals
Traditional Journals – Authors DO NOT

Pay. As author, you transfer the copyright.
Users/Libraries pay for access. No Free
Access. Only Title, Abstract would be available
Open Access Journals –

Author pays for publication, free download
(open access)
Hybrid Journals –

Most articles are traditional, some are
open access (author preference)
212
Publish
IEEE journal or IEEE conference?
IEEE Journals IEEE Conferences
• IEEE journals are cited 3 • IEEE Conference

times more often in patent proceedings are recognized
applications than other worldwide as the most vital
PRO leading publisher’s journals collection of consolidated
published articles in EE,
computer science, related
fields
• A high percentage of • Per IEEE Policy, if you do

articles submitted to not present your article at
any professional a conference, it may be
CON publication are rejected suppressed in IEEE Xplore

and not indexed in other
databases
213
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Publish
Finding the right IEEE publication or IEEE
conference
IEEE has 195 unique publications

covering a wide range of technical areas
• Review the journal listings

• Who reads it
IEEE publishes 1,700+ leading-edge
• What they publish
conference proceedings every year
• What kinds of articles
they want • Review the conference calendar
• Find a good match for your
research subject matter

• Ensure you are available to
present
214
Selecting Publication: Publishing

Speed
Time to publish is important.
Long and short publishing times (weeks)
50
Submission to Print (long)
3 Submission to Print (short)

13
31 Conference Proceeding is
Submission to first online (long)
normally faster than the
2 Submission to first online (short)
8
journals
25
Submission to Acceptance (long)
1 5
Submission to Acceptance (short)
Many journals have now introduced a “Fast Rejection“ process by the journal Editor
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Selecting Publication:
Impact Factor
What is the Impact Factor (IF)?
[the average annual number of citations per article published]
The 2013 impact factor of a journal would be calculated as follows:
2013 impact factor = A/B, where:
A = the number of times that all items published in that journal in 2011 and 2012
were cited by indexed publications during 2013.
B = the total number of "citable items" published by that journal in 2011 and 2012.
("Citable items" for this calculation are usually articles, reviews, proceedings, or
notes; not editorials or letters to the editor).
–e.g. 600 citations =2

150 + 150 articles
Selecting Journal: Impact Factor …

Let us consider: Nature journal.
Imagine It has published only 2 journal in the year of 2013, and 10
papers in the year of 2014.
Now average journals published for two years if 12/2=6..........that
is, the Average number of publications of Nature is 6 for 2013 and
2014 consecutive years
Now for the same years (2013-2014) those 12 journals cited by
600 times (by anyone in the world from anywhere ).
Now the two years impact factor is 600/6=100
So, Impact factor of Nature Journal is 100. (according to this

example)
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Impact Factor and other bibliometric parameters

Some confusion with h-index
The h-index is an author-level metric that
attempts to measure both the productivity and
citation impact of the publications of a scientist
or scholar.
The h-index correlates with obvious success
indicators such as winning some Prize, being
accepted for research fellowships and holding
positions at top universities, etc.
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Audience
Scientific research publishing
• Who reads scientific papers?
• Engineers, scientists, educators and
researchers from:
 Academia/Research Labs
 Corporations
 Government
• Who writes the scientific papers?
• (The same group)
• Motivations and focus often vary
• Students typically write and present
conference papers before submitting
journal articles

• Industry participants often author
conference papers but much smaller
221 subset contribute journal articles
Audience
What IEEE editors and reviewers are looking for
• Content that is appropriate, within the scope and

level
• Clearly written original material that addresses:
• a new and important problem
• extension of previously published work
• Valid methods and rationale
• Illustrations, tables, and graphs that support the text
• References that are current and relevant to the
subject
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Audience
Why IEEE editors and reviewers reject papers
“The following problems appear much too frequently” (40-

60% articles are REJECTED by Editors)
• The content is not a good fit (out of scope) for the publication
• It is poorly written
• The quality is not good enough for the journal
• Failure to format the paper according to the Guide for Authors
• The work was previously published
• There are serious scientific flaws:

• Inconclusive results or incorrect interpretation
• Fraudulent research

• It does not address a big enough problem or advance the scientific field
• Reviewers have misunderstood the article
223
An international editor says…

“The following problems appear much too frequently”
–Submission of papers which are clearly out of scope
–Failure to format the paper according to the Guide for Authors
–Inappropriate (or no) suggested reviewers
–Inadequate response to reviewers
–Inadequate standard of English
–Resubmission of rejected manuscripts without revision
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Important before publishing

Ask yourself these questions:
–Is this an important problem, or, is the data collected and analyzed of
interest to the wider community?
–What has been done in the past?
–Does this research significantly advance the state of the field?
–Have I done something new and interesting?
–Is there anything challenging in my work?
–Is my work related directly to a current hot topic?
–Have I provided solutions to some difficult problems?

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Analysis of Previous Results

Good starting point –
Take few RECENT PUBLISHED Work (from
Journal/transactions, etc) – very close to your
work.
Read them in detail and REPRODUCE the
Existing Result
Do this for 2-3 Journals – You will able to
generate New results, may be incremental but

able to publish in Conference
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Analysis of Previous Results and finding

the best technique
By this, you are able to understand:
– what is the BEST RESULT available,
– which are the techniques used to obtain the result
– you will able to make an inference and will able to think:
 if other techniques are used, what will happen
 which are the parameters considered, are there more
 can it be generalized?
 can it be used for a particular application and if, what additional changes are
required
 ………. and many such thoughts will be flowing in your mind. Keep them
noted (if not during your PhD, some of these thougths might be considered
after PhD).

– You are matured enough and understood what you need to do.
Please note – PhD is your Journey alone and a LONG RUNNING
Preparing Your Manuscript: Structure
What makes a good manuscript?

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What makes a good manuscript?

Contains a clear, useful, and exciting
scientific message.
Flows in a logical manner that the

reader can follow.
Is formatted to best showcase the

material.

Is written in a style that transmits
the message clearly.
What makes a good manuscript?:

A Word about Your Words
This is NOT creative writing class.
Journal space is precious.
Be concise.
If clarity can be achieved in n words,
never use n+1.
More difficult than you imagine!
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What makes a good manuscript? …

It is all about the reader. (Remember editors
and reviewers are in this group!)
Writing a good manuscript is NOT easy. Be

prepared to work hard on it.
–Cherish your work – if you do not take care,
why should the journal?
–There is no secret recipe for success – just
some simple rules, dedication, and hard work.
–Editors and reviewers are all busy scientists,
just like you – make things easy to save their

time!
Presentation is critical!
Paper Structure
Elements of a manuscript
Title
Author(s)
Abstract
Keywords
(I Introduction
M Methodology
RAD) Results/Discussions/Findi
ngs
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
232 References
Supplementary Material
83
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Paper Structure
Title
An effective title should…
• Answer the reader’s question:“Is this article relevant to me?”
• Grab the reader’s attention
• Describe the content of a paper using the fewest possible words
• Is crisp, concise
• Uses keywords
• Avoids jargon
Bad Title: How we solved an important problem in a certain

application
VS.

Good Title: Color barcodes for mobile applications: A per channel
framework
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Paper Structure…
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Paper Structure …
Our focus will be on:
Title
Author(s) list
Abstract
– Key words
Formatting
Structuring the Paper

– Introduction
– Xxx

– Xxx
– Conclusion
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References
Title: how to write ?

The title of the proposed paper is very important.
Short attention - catching titles are the most effective.
The title and abstract are often the only parts of a paper that are
freely available online.
Hence, once readers find your paper, they will read through the title
and abstract to determine whether or not to purchase a full copy of
your paper/continue reading.
In fact, Title, abstract, and keywords—may well hold the key to

publication success.
A negligent or sloppy attitude towards these three vital elements in
the research paper format would be almost equivalent to leaving

the accessibility of the research paper up to chance
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Title … Lets take some example
Notice of Violation of IEEE Publication Principles

Energy efficient sensing with spectrum opportunity
forecasting for cognitive radio networks
Design and fabrication of 430MHz unequal amplitude equal
phase power splitter for tropospheric wind profiling radar
feeder network
Experimentation and analysis of Multipath TCP
Cognitive Distance and Research Output in

Computing Education: A Case-Study
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Title…
Typically 10–12 words long (Max. 75 Characters)
It is also important, for a conference paper, to ensure that the
title describes the subject you are writing about.
Design and Development of a Wireless Controlled Rope

Climbing Robot with Four Bar Mechanism
Design of a Wireless Controlled Rope Climbing

Robot with Four Bar Mechanism
Four Bar Mechanism based Wireless Controlled

Rope Climbing Robot Design
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Title Example …
A cost-efficient protection scheme for service recovery
against single shared-risk link group failure in long-reach
passive optical network
Experimental Verification and Evaluation of Multipath TCP
Of course, based on what is the content, what is the intention, we

can update.
Cognitive Distance and Research Output in Computing
Education: A Case-Study

IEEE Transaction on Education
PERFORMANCE RATIO AND LOSS ANALYSIS FOR
GRID CONNECTED SOLAR PV SYSTEM (title????)
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Title Dos and Don’ts
A Human Expert-based Approach to Electrical Peak Demand

Management
VS
A better approach of managing environmental and energy

sustainability via a study of different methods of electric load
forecasting
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Author(s)
Who should be authors?
Can we have single/multi?
What is the order of author?
First and Last author ….

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Author(s) List
Template based…
Paper Title* (use style: paper title)
Authors Name/s per 1st Affiliation (Author) Authors Name/s per 2nd Affiliation (Author)
line 1 (of Affiliation): dept. name of organization line 1 (of Affiliation): dept. name of organization
line 2: name of organization, acronyms acceptable line 2: name of organization, acronyms acceptable
line 3: City, Country line 3: City, Country
line 4: e-mail address if desired line 4: e-mail address if desired
Prof, Dean, Sr Scientist, Engineer, Research Head, M

Tech Student, Research Scholar……
In Transaction paper, you have after name…Member or Senior

Member or Fellow Member
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Abstract
An abstract is a self-contained, short, and powerful statement
that describes a larger work.
An abstract is a short document that is intended to capture the
interest of a potential reader of your paper.
Thus, in a sense it is a marketing document for your full paper.
If the Abstract is poorly written or if it is boring then it will not
encourage a potential reader to spend the time reading your
work.

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Abstract
• A “stand alone” condensed version of the article What you did

• Covers: significance, novelty, methodology,
How you did it
findings, and conclusions
• Uses keywords and index terms What are the
main findings/
conclusions
•It is a tall order to do all of these in a typical 150-250 Why they’re

useful &
word abstract! important
• Quite important:
• For most readers, this will determine if they read the rest of
your article
• Several decisions in peer review process depend on title and
abstract
• Guideline: You should plan to spend a significant amount
of time on writing, reviewing, and editing the abstract

• The abstract should not be an afterthought
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Abstract: Example What you

did
We propose a color barcode framework for mobile phone applications by

exploiting the spectral diversity afforded by the cyan (C), magenta (M), and
How the
yellow (Y) print colorant channels commonly used for color printing and the
results
complementary red (R), green (G), and blue (B) channels, respectively, used
move the
for capturing color images. Specifically, we exploit this spectral diversity to
field
realize a three-fold increase in the data rate by encoding independent data in
forward
the C, M, and Y print colorant channels and decoding the data from the
complementary R, G, and B channels captured via a mobile phone camera. To
mitigate the effect of cross-channel interference among the print colorant and
capture color channels, we develop an algorithm for interference cancellation
based on a physically motivated mathematical model for the print and capture How
processes. To estimate the model parameters required for cross-channel you
interference cancellation, we propose two alternative methodologies: a pilot did it
block approach that uses suitable selections of colors for the synchronization
blocks and an expectation maximization approach that estimates the
parameters from regions encoding the data itself. We evaluate the Main
performance of the proposed framework using specific implementations of the results
framework for two of the most commonly used barcodes in mobile and
applications, QR and Aztec codes. Experimental results show that the proposed where
they

framework successfully overcomes the impact of the color interference,
providing a low bit error rate and a high decoding rate for each of the colorant apply
channels when used with a corresponding error correction scheme.
247 No un-needed words/sentences. Specific to the extent possible.

Focus
on audience.
6/21/2022
Abstract … Ex.
Abstract: In this paper we experiment and
analyze the Multipath TCP (MPTCP) proposed by
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The
authors consider MPTCP offerings such as
multipath aggregation, increased throughput,
enhanced resilience, network handover and
employing various congestion control
algorithms over multipaths to aggregate
available bandwidth as key factors to assess
experiments with various topologies.

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Abstract …
Please include the following in your abstract:
–Presentation title (conveys your work-What you
did)
–Background/Purpose
–Aim/Objective How the results move
the field forward
–Methods
–Results/Conclusions

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Abstract … Ex.
Abstract: In this paper we experiment and
analyze the Multipath TCP (MPTCP) proposed by
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The
authors consider MPTCP offerings such as
multipath aggregation, increased throughput,
enhanced resilience, network handover and
employing various congestion control
algorithms over multipaths to aggregate
available bandwidth as key factors to assess
experiments with various topologies.

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Abstract …
Normally written in past tense. (150 (for conf)-250 Words journal)
With regards the body of the Abstract you need to make a clear statement of the
topic of your paper and your research question.
You need to say how your research was/is being undertaken.
For example, is it empirical or theoretical? Is it quantitative or qualitative? Perhaps

it follows the critical research method. What value are your findings and to whom
will they be of use?
The Abstract should then briefly describe the work to be discussed in your paper and also
give a concise summary of the findings.
Finally your Abstract should not include diagrams and in general references are not

required in the Abstract.
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Abstract: Ex …
Resource Allocation and Performance Study for LTE
Networks Integrated with Femtocells
Abstract:— Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks comprising conventional cellular
macrocells plus user-installed femtocells offer an economically viable solution to
achieving high user capacity and upgrading to future fourth-generation systems.
With the growing impetus for frequency reuse, the capacity of each user depends on not
only the power spectral density of its own, but also on those of others in neighboring
cells. Mitigating interference among macrocells and femtocells requires allocating
physical resource dynamically in response to channel conditions. In this paper, we
formulate the resource allocation problem as a utility optimization and develop a
distributed algorithm for joint power control and user scheduling. The algorithm makes
novel use of a class of fairness measures for determining user scheduling and is
shown to be very efficient for realistic network parameters. Additionally, using a
practical model for the LTE air interface that captures geographic distribution of
users and buildings, we provide for a framework that allows comparison of different
resource allocation algorithms. A variety of problem formulations, including
femtocell density, resource tradeoff, and complexity-optimality tradeoff are derived

and analyzed using a geometry-based stochastic LTE air interface model. Our analysis
also offers useful guidelines for the planning and design of macrocells and femtocells.
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Abstract …
Does the abstract capture the interest of a potential reader of the paper?
Is the abstract well written in terms of language, grammar, etc.?
Does the abstract engage the reader by telling him or her what the paper is about and why they should read it?
Does the abstract title describe the subject being written about?
Does the abstract make a clear statement of the topic of the paper and the research question?
Does the abstract say how the research was/is being undertaken?
Does the abstract indicate the value of the findings and to whom will they be of use?
Does the abstract describe the work to be discussed in the paper?
Does the abstract give a concise summary of the findings?
Does the abstract conform to the word limit of 300 words? (in case of journal -150 in conference)

Does the abstract have between 5 and 10 keywords or phrases that closely reflect the content of the paper?
Should the abstract be accepted?
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Keywords
3 or up to 6.
Keywords—component; formatting; style; styling; insert (key words)
Should be searchable, the Main words, and this word must have
appeared many times in your text itself.
People use the keywords to search the contents. Keep this in mind.
We write the paper, publish it…do you know why?

Not for the sake of publishing and showing your HoD, your boss,
or your director. Not for promotion…not for degree…of course,
all of these you get…..but our objective should be something
different. What?
To show the scientific group (entire world) that we have got

some new results,… check it, comment, use it, implement it..
And most important is people should CITE your work.
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Keywords
Logical
Use in the Title and Abstract
for enhanced Search Engine
Optimization Appropriate
Example:
Applicable
2-D barcodes, Aztec codes,

Specific
color barcodes, interference
cancellation, quick response
(QR) codes Searchable

255
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INTRODUCTION
Readers/reviewers looks for
Introduction after Abstract and
Conclusion.
In this also, 4th paragraph.
Normally, there are 5 paragraphs

– Basic Background including
applications, importance etc;
Coming slowly towards the
topic of interest; what is
available related to this topic
and what is(are) current
challenge(s); what we have
addressed and how it is
different from any other

existing; and finally, the
contents of the rest of the
paper.
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Introduction
• A description of the problem you researched
• It should move step by step through:
An overview
Motivation: Why Generally known Prior studies’
of the work, How the article is
is the problem of information about historical context
results, and organized
interest? the topic to your research
contributions
• The introduction should be: • The introduction should not have

• Specific, not too broad or vague • An aggregation of disconnected
• About 2 pages summaries of past works
• Written in the present tense • Needless repetitions of the same point

• Tangential/irrelevant discussions
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Methodology
• Problem formulation and the processes used to solve the problem,
prove or disprove the hypothesis
• Use illustrations to clarify ideas and support conclusions:
Tables Graphs
Present representative data Show relationships
or when exact values are important to between data points
show or trends in data
Figures
Quickly show ideas/conclusions that
would require detailed explanations
Fig. A
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Formatting
Style, Font, Paragraph,
Figures, Tables,
– Image format, Position of the figures/table
– Caption, Figure/table no…
Template https://www.ieee.org/conferences_events/confe
rences/publishing/templates.html
Equation
– in equation editor
– Should be numbered (if more than (1))
Citation

All these show SERIOUSNESS of authors
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Results/discussion
Demonstrate that you solved the problem or made significant
advances
Describe your experiments/analysis
• What was the set-up, what data sources were used and why, …
• What metrics are used for analysis (Why, if not already well-known)
Results: Summarized Data

• Should be clear and concise
• Use figures or tables with narrative to illustrate findings
Discussion: Interprets the Results

• Why your research offers a new solution
• How can it benefit other researchers professionals
• Acknowledge any limitations of the work
•Potentially highlight connections with other work that are appreciated better after reading
about the proposed work
260
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Structuring The Paper: Example
LTE Resource Allocation…

Rope Climbing Robot
MIMO VLC
Magazine
Estimation Theory-Based Robust Phase Offset Determination in

Presence of Possible Path Asymmetries

Current Issue IEEE Transaction in Communication
Anantha K. Karthik and Rick S. Blum

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Conclusion
VII. CONCLUSION
LTE networks comprising macrocells plus femtocells are beginning to offer economically viable
solutions to achieving high user capacity. The above coupled with the growing impetus for
frequency reuse, underscores the need for efficient resource allocation mechanisms in such
networks. In this paper, by formulating the resource allocation problem as an optimization
problem we develop a distributed algorithm that makes use of a class of fairness measures for
determining user scheduling. As indicated by our results, our algorithm is shown to be very
efficient for realistic network parameters. We also propose a realistic air interface model for LTE,
Macro- and Femto-cell networks. Additionally, we provide formulations that can be used by
network designers and engineers to understand the impact of femtocell density, resource
tradeoffs, and complexity-optimality tradeoffs and thus assist them with the planning and design
of macrocells and femtocells for better return of investment (ROI). As next steps, we propose to
analyze the impact of scale and varying mixes of traffic on the overall quality of service.
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Conclusion …
It should not be a repeat of ABSTRACT

It is your findings and challenges, briefly tackled the
challenges.
Future, what you suggest, what are the scopes…

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Conclusion: Example
The framework proposed in this paper provides an effective method

for extending monochrome barcodes to color. Our color code
constructions offer three times the data rates of their monochrome
counterparts, exploiting the spectral diversity provided by color
printing and capture systems in conjunction with model-based
interference cancellation that mitigates inter-channel coupling
introduced by the physical characteristics of the devices. Although, bit
error rates and therefore information capacities vary across the three
resulting channels, the error rates are in ranges that are readily
handled by the error correction coding options available for
monochrome barcodes.
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Acknowledgment
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The work presented in this paper was supported by the
European IST project 4MORE (4G MC-CDMA multiple antenna
system On chip for Radio Enhancements [1]).

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References
How many?
– Conf (usually, 7-9)
Which one to be included?

– Latest and most relevant
What should be the format?

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References …
[1] G. Eason, B. Noble, and I. N. Sneddon, “On certain integrals of Lipschitz-Hankel type involving
products of Bessel functions,” Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. A247, pp. 529–551, April 1955.
(references)
[2] J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892,
pp.68–73.
[3] I. S. Jacobs and C. P. Bean, “Fine particles, thin films and exchange anisotropy,” in Magnetism, vol.
III, G. T. Rado and H. Suhl, Eds. New York: Academic, 1963, pp. 271–350.
[4] K. Elissa, “Title of paper if known,” unpublished.
[5] R. Nicole, “Title of paper with only first word capitalized,” J. Name Stand. Abbrev., in press.
[6] Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, “Electron spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical
media and plastic substrate interface,” IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740–741, August 1987
[Digests 9th Annual Conf. Magnetics Japan, p. 301, 1982].
[7] M. Young, The Technical Writer’s Handbook. Mill Valley, CA: University Science, 1989.

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Publication
Etiquette and Ethics
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Etiquette and Ethics in Publishing:

Guiding Principles
Value the time of others
–Editorial board, reviewers, readers
–Also your own!
Maintain integrity of the publication process
–Scientific integrity and reproducibility
–Authorship
Understand and avoid unacceptable conduct
–Plagiarism, duplicate submission, disclosure

Ethics
Types of misconduct
Fraud/Data Manipulation Inappropriate Author Attribution
• Fabrication of data, selective • Include any and all who have

reporting of results made a substantial intellectual
• Is eventually uncovered contribution to the work
• Do not include non-contributors
Plagiarism/Disclosure
Conflict of Interest
• Copying another person’s
work word for word or • Undisclosed financial or other
paraphrasing without proper interest that may hinder
citation unbiased presentation of data
or analysis
• Must cite sources of all ideas,
even informal
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Ethics
Ethical publishing …
Maintain Scientific Integrity
• Your manuscript should reflect what you

actually did and observed
• Heuristics/hacks should also be documented
• Do not fabricate results or data
• Results should be reproducible
• Selectively reporting results is deceitful Refer to our Tips Sheet
http://www.ieee.org/public
• Fraud is eventually uncovered ations_standards/publicatio
ns/authors/plagiarism_and_
• Several high profile cases: human cloning, multiple_submissions.pdf
cold fusion, …

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Ethics
Plagiarism
• Avoid plagiarism
• Cite and separate any verbatim copied material
• Paraphrase reused text properly, and include
citation
• Credit any reused ideas
• Familiarize yourself with IEEE Policies Refer to our Tips Sheet
• Guideline: All material (ideas, text, figures, http://www.ieee.org/public
ations_standards/publicatio
tables, …) in your paper is assumed to be your ns/authors/plagiarism_and_
multiple_submissions.pdf
own unless you acknowledge via citation.
Quotes for demarcating material replicated
verbatim from other authors.
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Ethics
Duplication, Redundancies &
Multiple Submissions
• Author must submit original work that:

• Has not appeared elsewhere for publication
• Is not under review for another refereed publication
• Cites previous work (including own past and concurrent
work)
Refer to our Tips Sheet
• Indicates how it differs from the previously published http://www.ieee.org/public
ations_standards/publicatio
work ns/authors/plagiarism_and_
• Authors MUST also inform the editor when submitting multiple_submissions.pdf
any previously published work

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Peer Review
Paper Evaluation
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103

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22-06-2022

Research Methodology (21RM613)

Navin Kumar, PhD C.Eng

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013

Course Contents: 21RM613 (2 0 0 2)

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013

Some more Explanation

Research is an activity that leads us to finding new facts,

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013

According to (Rocco, 2011), "Research is a careful investigation or inquiry

Some More Explanation …

It may be understood in following terms also:

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013

Other qualities/characteristics of Research

b) It utilizes acceptable scientific methodology to solve problems (the method used

c) It should create new knowledge that is generally applicable. (The outcomes

d) It is creative process to develop better understanding of mankind, social and

Other qualities/characteristics of Research …

Characteristics of research determine whether a research is free of biases,

Success depends on them. They are:

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013

Other qualities/characteristics of Research…

How to ensure a good quality Research?

2. Common concepts should be used that can be understood by all.

3. Research procedures should be explained in detail.

4. Research design should be carefully planned.

6. Analysis of data should be sufficiently adequate to reveal significance.

7. The methods of analysis should be appropriate.

8. The validity and reliability of the data should be checked carefully.

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013

Research can be classified into various categories

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013

a. Pure / Basic / Fundamental Research:

As the term suggests a research activity taken up to look into some

It involves developing and testing theories and hypotheses that are

The knowledge produced through pure research is sought in order to

Pure research is theoretical but has a universal nature. It is more

focused on creating scientific knowledge and predictions for further

Classification based on Application …

b. Applied / Decisional Research:

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013

Main Differences between Basic and Applied

Classification based on Objectives

A) Descriptive Research: This attempts to explain a situation, problem, phenomenon, service or

B) Co relational Research: This is a type of non-experimental research method, in which a

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013

Classification based on Objectives …

identify issues that can be the hub for future research.

• Research design is the framework of research methods and techniques

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013

Classification based on Inquiry Mode

A) Structured approach: The structured approach to inquiry is usually classified

B) Unstructured approach: The unstructured approach to inquiry is usually

description of an observed situation, the historical enumeration of events, an account of

Other Types of Research

Descriptive v/s Analytical: Descriptive research includes surveys

Applied v/s Fundamental: Research can either be applied (or

12-CRS-0106 REVISED 8 FEB 2013

Other Types of Research …