POWER FLOW

NEWTON RAPHSON
The Power Flow Solution
 Most common and important tool in power system
analysis
 also known as the “Load Flow” solution
 used for planning and controlling a system
 assumptions: balanced condition and single
phase analysis
 Problem:
 determine the voltage magnitude and phase angle at
each bus
 determine the active and reactive power flow in each
line
 each bus has four state variables:
 voltage magnitude
 voltage phase angle
 real power injection
The Power Flow Solution
 Each bus has two of the four state variables defined or given
 Types of buses:
 Slack bus (swing bus)
 voltage magnitude and angle are specified, reference bus
 solution: active and reactive power injections
 Regulated bus (generator bus, P-V bus)
 models generation-station buses
 real power and voltage magnitude are specified
 solution: reactive power injection and voltage angle
 Load bus (P-Q bus)
 models load-center buses
 active and reactive powers are specified (negative values for loads)
 solution: voltage magnitude and angle
Newton-Raphson PF Solution
 Quadratic convergence
 mathematically superior to Guass-Seidel method
 More efficient for large networks
 number of iterations required for solution is independent of
system size
 The Newton-Raphson equations are cast in natural power
system form
 solving for voltage magnitude and angle, given real and reactive
power injections
Newton-Raphson Method
 A method of successive approximation using Taylor’s
expansion
 Consider the function: f(x) = c, where x is unknown

 Let x[0] be an initial estimate, then x[0] is a small deviation from

the correct solution
 
f x [0 ]  x[ 0]  c

 Expand the left-hand side into a Taylor’s series about x[0] yeilds
 d 2f 
 
[0]
df
f x    x
  [0] 1
2 2 
x
[0] 2

… 
 dx   dx c

Newton-Raphson Method
 Assuming the error, x[0], is small, the higher-order terms are
neglected, resulting in

  df
f x[ 0 ]    x[0 ]  c c [0] 
 df  [0]
  dx  dxx
 where

 
c[ 0 ]  c  f x[ 0 ]

 rearranging the equations
c [0]
x[0] 
 df 
 dx

x[1]  x [0]  x [0]
Example
 Find the root of the equation: f(x) = x3 - 6x2 + 9x - 4 = 0
Newton-Raphson Method

50

40

30

20

10
f(x) x3 -6x2 +9x -4
=
0

-10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x
Power Flow Equations
 KCL for current injection
n n
Ii   Yij V j   Yij V j   i j  δ
j 1 j 1
j
 Real and reactive power injection

P jQ  V *I
i i i i

 Substituting for Ii yields:

n
Pi j Q i  Vi   Y ij Vj i j  δ j
δ
j
1
Power Flow Equations
 Divide into real and reactive parts

Pi   Vi V j Y cos  δ  δ
n

j
1

V Y sin   δ  δ
n ij ij
i
V
j
Qi  i j
 j

1 ij ij
i
j
Newton-Raphson Formation
 Cast power equations into iterative form

Pi[k]  
n
V [k ]
i
V [k ] Y cos    [k
]  [k
] 
j
j δ ij i δ j

V 
1 [k ] [k ] ij
Pi[k]  V Y sin  
[k
 [k
] ]
i
j i δ j
 Matrix function
1 j δ of the system of equations
formation
ij ij

sch
 Pinj  δ [k ]  
f x [k

 Pinj x[k] 
c   Q sch  x [k ]   [k ]  
 
] [k
  Q
 inj ]x 
V

inj



Newton-Raphson Formation
 General formation of the equation to find a solution
c  f xsolution x[ 0]  initial estimate of xsolution
  iterative equation
The

x [k 1]
x 

c  f x[ k ]

[k ]
 df x[ k ] 

  dx 
 The Jacobian - the first derivative of a set of functions


df x[ k ] a matrix of all combinatorial pairs
dx

The Jacobian Matrix
Jacobian Terms
Jacobian Terms
Iteration process
 Power mismatch or power residuals
 difference in schedule to calculated power
P[ k ]  P sch  P [k ]
i i i
[k ]
Q  Q sch  Q [k ]
i i i

 New estimates for the voltages

δ [k 1]  δ [ k ]  δ [ k ]
i i i

V i[k 1]  V i[k ]   V i

[k]
Bus Type and the Jacobian Formation
 Slack Bus / Swing Bus
 one generator bus must be selected and defined as the voltage
and angular reference
 The voltage and angle are known for this bus
 The angle is arbitrarily selected as zero degrees
 bus is not included in the Jacobian matrix formation
 Generator Bus
 have known terminal voltage and real (actual) power injection
 the bus voltage angle and reactive power injection are computed
 bus is included in the real power parts of the Jacobian matrix
 Load Bus
 have known real and reactive power injections
 bus is fully included in the Jacobian matrix
Newton-Raphson Steps
1. Set flat start
 For load buses, set voltages equal to the slack bus or 1.0 0
 For generator buses, set the angles equal the slack bus or 0
2. Calculate power mismatch
 For load buses, calculate P and Q injections using the known and
estimated system voltages
 For generator buses, calculate P injections
 Obtain the power mismatches, P and Q
3. Form the Jacobian matrix
 Use the various equations for the partial derivatives w.r.t. the
voltage angles and magnitudes
Newton-Raphson Steps
4. Find the matrix solution (choose a or b)
 a. inverse the Jacobian matrix and multiply by the mismatch
power
 b. perform gaussian elimination on the Jacobian matrix with the b
vector equal to the mismatch power
compute Δδ and ΔV
5. Find new estimates for the voltage magnitude and angle
6. Repeat the process until the mismatch (residuals) are
less than the specified accuracy

Pi[k ]  ε

Q [ki ]  ε
Line Flows and Losses
 After solving for bus voltages and angles, power flows
and losses on the network branches are calculated
 Transmission lines and transformers are network branches
 The direction of positive current flow are defined as follows for a
branch element (demonstrated on a medium length line)
 Power flow is defined for each end of the branch
 Example: the power leaving bus i and flowing to bus j
Bus i Bus j
Vi IL yij
Iij Iji
Vj
Ii0 Ij0

yi0
yj0
Line Flows and Losses
 current and power flows:
i j j
V I I I
I ij  I L  I i 0  yij Vi  Vj  i 0 i i
ji L j0 ij j  Vi  yj 0 V j
Sy  V I *  V 2  y *
 V *
y  yV V SI *  V2 y  y *  * *
ij i ij i ij i0 i *
ij j ji j ji j ij j j y ij V i
y V V 0
 power loss:  S ji
SLoss ij  Sij
Bus i Bus j
Vi IL yij Vj
Iij Iji

Ii0 Ij0

yi0
yj0
Example
 Using N-R method, find the
phasor voltages at buses
2 and 3
 Find the slack bus real Slack Bus
and reactive power 1 V1 = 1.050
 Calculate line flows j0.02 j0.04
and line losses j0.025
 100 MVA base 3 2

138.6 MW 256.6 MW
45.2 MVAR 110.2 MVAR