There are three important mathematical rules:

d c

dt V
cdV   dV   cu s  ndA
V
t A

 a  ndA     adV
A V

c
Ak , j
k  n k dA    (V  k c k )

where c , u s , a , and n are the scalar property, the surface velocity, the
arbitrary vector, and the normal unit vector. Consider an arbitrary control
volume within which the gas and liquid phases exist. The local instantaneous
conservation equation for phase k is


(  k k )    (  k k u k )    J k   kk .
t

where  is the property, u is the velocity vector, J is the efflux,  is the

body force.

1. Derive, by hand, the following two-fluid equation:

 1
V Ai
( k  k∂k )    ( k  k∂k u∂k )    [ k ( J k   k•
 
k u k )]   ik ik 
ˆ J k  n k dA   k  k ∝k ,
t

where and ∃ denote the phase-average and mass-weighted average,

respectively. Describe all assumptions and variables during the derivation.

2. Obtain, by hand, the two-fluid mass equation as follows:


( k  k )    ( k  k u∂k )  ik
t

3. Obtain, by hand, the two-fluid momentum equation as follows:


( k  k u∂k )    ( k  k u∂k u∂k )   k pk    ( k τ k )    ( k τ Re
k )  pk  k   ik u ik  fik   k  k g
ˆ
t

Explain the physical meaning of each term on the right-hand side.

Scan and submit your result.