Sistemas eléctricos de

Potencia (SEP)
Flujos de Potencia. Método
Newton-Raphson
Camilo Andrés Cortés, Ph.D.
Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica
Universidad Nacional de Colombia

II semestre, año 2018

2016851-02, Análisis de Sistemas de Potencia

Introduction
l The Newton– Raphson
method is very useful for
calculating the power flow
problem - in situations where
voltage magnitudes and the
phase angles are relatively
distant from the initial
approximation

1
Newton-Raphson PF Solution
l Quadratic convergence
l mathematically superior to Gauss-Seidel method
l More efficient for large networks
l number of iterations required for solution is
independent of system size
l The Newton-Raphson equations are cast
in natural power system form
l solving for voltage magnitude and angle, given
real and reactive power injections

Basic Concept

l Newton-Raphson Method
l Transforms a nonlinear system of equations in a
set of linear equations
l A solution is achieved using an iterative procedure
l The linearization is based on the expansion of the
nonlinear functions in Taylor s series around a
solution point
l Neglecting the higher-terms (2nd and more)

2
 Newton-Raphson Method
l A method of successive approximation
using Taylor s expansion
l Consider the function: f ( x ) = c , where x is unknown

l Let x[0] be an initial estimate, then Dx[0] is a small

deviation from the correct solution

(
f x [ ] + Dx [
0 0]
)=c
l Expand the left-hand side into a Taylor s series
about x[0] yields
! df # !"0#$ 1 ! d 2 f # !"0#$ 2
f x ( )!0#
" $
+ % & Δx + % 2 & Δx
" dx $ 2 " dx $ ( ) +… = c

Newton-Raphson Method
l Assuming the error, Dx[0], is small, the higher-
order terms are neglected, resulting in
( ] ) + éêë dfdx ùúû Dx[ ] » c
f x[
0 0 0 é df ù 0
Þ Dc[ ] » ê ú Dx[ ]
ë dx û
l Where

Dc [ ] = c - f x [
0
( ]) 0

l rearranging the equations

Dc[ ]
0
[ 0]
Dx =
x[ ] = x[ ] + Dx[ ]
1 0 0
é df ù
êë dx úû

3
 Example
l Find the root of the equation: f(x) = x3 - 6x2 + 9x - 4 = 0

Newton-Raphson Formation
l Cast power equations into iterative form

( )
n
Pi[ ] = å Vi [ ] V j[ ] Yij cos qij - d i[ ] + d [j
k k k k k]

j =1

( )
n
Qi[ ] = -å Vi [ ] V j[ ] Yij sin qij - d i[ ] + d [j
k k k k k]

j =1

l Matrix function formation of the system of equations

é Pinjsch ù é d [k ] ù ( ) ùú
é Pinj x[k ]
c = ê sch ú x [k ]
= ê [k ] ú f x ( ) [k ]
=ê
êëQinj úû êV ú
ë û êë inj ( )úúû
êQ x[ k ]

4
 Newton-Raphson Formation
l General formation of the equation to find a solution
c = f ( xsolution ) x[ ] = initial estimate of xsolution
0

The iterative equation

( )
l
c - f x[
] k

x[ ] [ ]
k +1 k
=x +
æ df ( x[ ] ) ö k

ç ÷
ç dx ÷
è ø
l The Jacobian - the first derivative of a set of functions

df x[ ( ]) k
a matrix of all combinatorial pairs
dx

The Jacobian Matrix

é ¶P ¶P ù
( )
df x [k ]
Þ
é ù ê ¶d
DP
ê DQ ú = ê¶Q ¶Q
¶ V ú é Dd ù
úê ú
dx ë û ê ú ëD V û
êë ¶d ¶ V úû
# ∂P ∂P1 ∂P1 ∂P1 &
% 1
… … (
% ∂δ1 ∂δn−1 ∂ V1 ∂ Vn−m (
# ΔP & % (# &
% 1 ( %
! " ! ! " ! (% Δδ1 (
% ∂P ∂Pn−1 ∂Pn−1 ∂Pn−1 (% ! (
% ! ( n−1
… …
% ( % ∂δ ∂ V1 ∂ Vn−m
(% (
% ΔPn−1 (= % 1
∂δn−1 (% Δδn−1 (
( % ∂Q (% (
(% Δ V1
% ΔQ ∂Q1 ∂Q1 ∂Q1
% 1
( % 1
… … (
% ! ( % ∂δ1 ∂δn−1 ∂ V1 ∂ Vn−m (% ! (
% ΔQ ( % (% (
$ n−m ' % ! " ! ! " ! (% Δ Vn−m ('
% ($
% ∂Q ∂Qn−m ∂Qn−m ∂Qn−m (
n−m
… …
% ∂δ1 ∂δn−1 ∂ V1 ∂ Vn−m (
$ '

5
 Jacobian Terms
l Real power w.r.t. the voltage angle
¶Pi
= å Vi V j Yij sin (qij - d i + d j )
¶d i j ¹i
¶Pi
= - Vi V j Yij sin (qij - d i + d j ) j ¹ i
¶d j
l Real power w.r.t. the voltage Magnitude
¶Pi
= 2 Vi Yii cos (qii ) + å V j Yij cos (qij - d i + d j )
¶ Vi j ¹i

¶Pi
= Vi Yij cos (qij - d i + d j ) j ¹ i
¶ Vj

Jacobian Terms
l Reactive power w.r.t. the voltage angle
¶Qi
= å Vi V j Yij cos (qij - d i + d j )
¶d i j ¹i
¶Qi
= - Vi V j Yij cos (qij - d i + d j ) j ¹ i
¶d j
l Reactive power w.r.t. the voltage Magnitude
¶Qi
= -2 Vi Yii sin (qii ) - å V j Yij sin (qij - di + d j )
¶ Vi j ¹i

¶Qi
= - Vi Yij sin (qij - d i + d j ) j ¹ i
¶ Vj

6
 Iteration process

l Power mismatch or power residuals

l difference in schedule to calculated power
DPi[ k ] = Pi sch - Pi[ k ]
DQi[ k ] = Qisch - Qi[ k ]

l New estimates for the voltages

d i[ k +1] = d i[ k ] + Dd i[ k ]

Vi[ k +1] = Vi[ k ] + D Vi[ k ]

Bus Type and the Jacobian Formation

l Slack Bus / Swing Bus
l one generator bus must be selected and defined as the voltage and
angular reference
l The voltage and angle are known for this bus
l The angle is arbitrarily selected as zero degrees
l bus is not included in the Jacobian matrix formation
l Generator Bus
l have known terminal voltage and real (actual) power injection
l the bus voltage angle and reactive power injection are computed
l bus is included in the real power parts of the Jacobian matrix
l Load Bus
l have known real and reactive power injections
l bus is fully included in the Jacobian matrix

7
 Solving Large Power Systems
l The most difficult computational task is inverting
the Jacobian matrix
– inverting a full matrix is an order n3 operation, meaning
the amount of computation increases with the cube of
the size
– this amount of computation can be decreased
substantially by recognizing that since the Ybus is a
sparse matrix, the Jacobian is also a sparse matrix
– using sparse matrix methods results in a computational
order of about n1.5
– this is a substantial savings when solving systems with
tens of thousands of buses

8
Newton-Raphson Power Flow
l Advantages
– fast convergence as long as initial guess is close
to solution
– large region of convergence
l Disadvantages
– each iteration takes much longer than a Gauss-
Seidel iteration
– more complicated to code, particularly when
implementing sparse matrix algorithms
l Newton-Raphson algorithm is very common
in power flow analysis

Convergence

l The following figure shows the result of the

N-R Method starting from an initial estimate
of 1<0º.
200.0 MW -200.0 MW
168.3 MVR Line Z = 0.1j -100.0 MVR

One 1.000 pu Two 0.855 pu -13.522 Deg

200.0 MW 200 MW
168.3 MVR 100 MVR

9
Two Bus Case Low Voltage
Solution
This case actually has two solutions! The second
"low voltage" is found by using a low initial guess.
é 0 ù
Set v = 0, guess x(0) = ê ú
ë0.25û
Calculate
é V2 (10sin q 2 ) + 2.0 ù é 2 ù
f(x(0) ) = ê 2 ú = ê -0.875ú
êë V2 (-10cosq 2 ) + V2 (10) + 1.0 úû ë û
é10 V2 cosq 2 10sin q 2 ù é 2.5 0 ù
J (x(0) ) = ê ú= ê 0 -5ú
ë 10 V2 sin q 2 - 10cos q 2 + 20 V2û ë û

Low Voltage Solution

-1
(1) é 0 ù é 2.5 0 ù é 2 ù é -0.8 ù
Solve x = ê -
ú ê ú ê ú = ê0.075ú
ë0.25û ë 0 -5û ë -0.875û ë û
é1.462 ù (2) é -1.42 ù é -0.921ù
f (x(2) ) = ê ú x =ê ú x(3) = ê ú
ë0.534 û ë0.2336 û ë 0.220 û
Low voltage solution
200.0 MW -200.0 MW
831.7 MVR Line Z = 0.1j -100.0 MVR

One 1.000 pu Two 0.261 pu -49.914 Deg

200.0 MW 200 MW
831.7 MVR 100 MVR

10
 Two Bus Region of
Convergence
l Slide shows the region of convergence for different initial
guesses of bus 2 angle (x-axis) and magnitude (y-axis)
l Red region
converges
to the high
voltage
solution,
while the
yellow
region
converges
to the low
voltage
solution

11