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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
y= + == +C (This is the solution)
ENG 301: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Example 2:
BY ENGR. O. D. ADIGUN (MME)
xy’ + 4y = 2x3 (Solve this: Hint= put in standard form by
dividing all through by x)
LECTURE OUTLINE
y’ + =2x2
Topic: Theory of Linear Equations
Comparing with standard form y’ + P(x)y = Q(x) means that
Subtopics: P(x) = and Q(x) =2x2
• 1st Order Liner Differential Equations ! "
y= [ + ]
THEORY OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
Substituting…
A. 1st Order Liner Differential Equations
%
y= ! [ 2 + ]= ! [2 + ]
Example 1:
& &
y’ +2y = 2 y= ! [2 '
+ ]= ' !
+ ! == '
+C
(Step one) Standard form: y’ + P(x)y = Q(x) You can check the accuracy of your answer…
(Step two) Identify the function P(x) and Q(x) xy’ + 4y = 2x3 and
y= +C Therefore,
(Step three) Determine the integrating factor: '
% )
I(x) = y’’ = - 4C
'
I(x) = x-2
1. (4y -3x)dx + 5xdy =0 (So, when dealing with a Initial Value Problem –IVP or
0 0 Boundary Value Problem BVP, you need to solve for C1 and
2. = C2)
Alright. Try to solve as much questions as you can…! Case 2: if the discriminate : − 4;< = 0, then r would be just
one real root answer and the general solution would take
B. 2nd Order Liner Differential Equations
the form
How would you solve an equation like this? 2 2
y= C1 + C2
y’’ -5y’ + 6y =0
Case 3: if the discriminate : − 4;< < 0, the equation can be
nd
This is a 2 order kind of differential linear equation. 4 ±√4 78
solved using the quadratic equation (i.e. r = ) to
9
They are usually in the form: get two imaginary/complex numbers. r1, r2 would be in the
format r1 = α + βi and r2 = α - βi and the general solution
P(x)y’’ + Q(x)y’ + R(x)y =G(x) [i.e. continuous functions]
would take the form
If G(x) = 0 it is an homogeneous linear equation A
y= [C1 cos(β + C2 sin(β ]
If G(x) ≠ 0 it is a non-homogeneous linear equation
Okay then,
If P(x), Q(x) and R(x) are constant, then
Example 1
ay’’ + by’ + c = o
Let’s go back to attempting solving the 2nd order equation
Typical general solution of these equations is in the form:
y’’ -5y’ + 6y =0
2
y=
In simple steps…
Take the 1st derivative
Step 1: compare with the quadratic function
2
y’ = 3 nd
and the 2 derivative would be
ar2 + br + c =0 ( a=1, b = -5 and c=6)
2
y’’ = = = 3
Step 2: Solve the quadratic function
Substitute for y, y’ and y’’ in ay’’ + by’ + c = o
1r2 -5r + 6 =0 (factorise this)
Gives
(r-2)(r-3)=0
2
[ar + br + c] =0
2
r1=2 and r2 =3 (This is case 1!)
2
Divide both side by
Step 3: write down the general solution form and substitute
2
ar + br + c =0 (This is the Quadratic Function for for r1 and r2
solving the 2nd order differential equation) 2 2
y= C1 + C2
Now solve for the value of r using factorisation or quadratic
y= C1 + C2 (this is the general solution and
formula methods
answer)
i.e.
Example 2:
4 ±√4 78
r= y’’ -6y’ + 9y =0
9
r=3 (What form will the general solution take?) y’’ +4y =0 y(0) =4 and y’(0) = 6
… Soln
2 2
y= C1 + C2 (General soln) y’’ +4y =0
Example 3 1r2 + 0r + 4 =0
0 0 r2 + 4 =0
9 + 24 + 16 = 0
√r2 =√- 4
9y’’ +24y’ + 16 =0
r = ± 2i
ar2 + br + c =0 ( a=9, b = 24 and c=16)
r1= 0 + 2I and r2 = 0 − 2I
9r2 + 24r + 16 =0
r1= J + KI and r2 = J − KI
(3r+4)2=0
α = 0 and β = 2
3r+4=0 ∴r=
A
y= [C1 cos(β + C2 sin(β ] (General solution)
2 2
y= C1 + C2 (General soln)
Substitute for r1 and r2
Substitute for r =
y= [C1 cos(2 + C2 sin(2 ] should be the soln
+! +!
y= C1 + C2 But because we are dealing with an Initial Value Problem
IVP , we need to use these two points y(0) =4 and y’(0) = 6
Example 4 to determine C1 and C2
y’’ +8y’ + 25 =0
y= [C1 cos(2 + C2 sin(2 ]
ar2 + br + c =0 ( a=1, b = 8 and c=25) When y(0) =4
2
1r + 8r + 25 =0
4= [C1 cos(0 + C2 sin(0 ]
4 ±√4 78
r= 4= [C1 x 1+ C2 x 0]
9
r1= −4 + 3I and r2 = −4 − 3I C1 = 4
2C2 =6
C2 =3
Example (r+2)(r+3) =0
1r2 + 2r + 1 =0 y c = C1 + C2
(r-1)(r-1) = 0 Next, lets solve for the nonhomogeneous component yp
r=1 (Remember Case 2?) y’’ + 5y’ + 6y = X2
2 2
y= C1 + C2 (General solution) G(x) = X2 therefore, y must equal a polynomial of degree 2
Substitute for r yp(x) = Ax2 + Bx + C
y= C1 + C2 y’p(x) = 2Ax + B
When y’’p(x) = 2A
y(0) =3 then Substitute in eqn. y’’ + 5y’ + 6y = X2
e e
3= C1 + C2 0 2A +5 (2Ax+B) + 6(Ax2 + Bx + C) = x2
When 2A +10Ax+5B+6Ax2+6Bx+6C= x2
C2 e = 4e ∴ C2 =4 6A = 1 ∴A = %
y= 3 + 4 (Solution to the Boundary Value )
10A= 6B =0, when A = = then B =
Problem, BVP) % f
While the
y’’ + 5y’ + 6y = 0